红树林系统处理牲畜废水营养盐的研究

在2种盐度条件下（淡水与盐度30的人工海水）通过温室盆栽系统对比研究了2种主红树植物木榄和秋茄对牲畜废水的处理效应。牲畜废水的加入使植物体P含量增加1－4倍，N含量增加0.04-1.30倍。淡水条件 下秋茄和木榄系统N的处理效率分别为84.3%和95.5%，海水条件 下则为92.7%和98.0%，淡水条件下秋茄和木榄系统P的处理效率分别为79.2%和91.8%，海水条件下则为88.0%和97.8%，盐度对秋茄植物体N的去除无显著效应。2种植物体对P的处理效率为4％，远比N的处理效率低，废水来源的营养 盐大多被土壤去除。     

华北引黄灌区粮食产量与农业土壤资源质量时空分布特征

明确作物产量和土壤养分时空变异可以更好地掌握农田生产力和土壤质量情况,对农业资源合理配置以及提高生产力可持续性有着非常重要的意义。利用华北平原引黄灌区下游农田作物产量数据和耕地质量监测数据,对华北平原引黄灌区下游作物产量的演变以及有机质和养分的空间分布进行分析,阐明该地区作物产量、土壤养分的空间分布特征。结果表明：灌区的农田生产力水平存在显著的空间和时空差异。20世纪80年代末以来,农田生产力水平整体呈上升趋势,冬小麦高产田分布在黄河下游北岸中部地区的齐河县和下游南岸三个县,范围是6084.0~6861.0 kg/hm²,夏玉米产量空间分布整体上呈现出中间高两端低的特征,其中齐河县的产量最高,为7524.0 kg/hm²。灌区农田土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾养分具有明显的时空分布差异,有机质和速效钾含量最高的德州市分别为16.30 g/kg和202.40 mg/kg,全氮含量最高的淄博市为1.17 g/kg,有效磷含量最高的泰安市为34.56 mg/kg。研究表明,灌区的生产力水平一直不断在提升,仍有很大的增长空间。掌握养分分布特征和土壤肥力的空间差异来制定合理的施肥措施,可为今后该地区实现精准农业和高产稳产提供科学依据。     

超声-Fenton法对沼液中3种四环素类和3种磺胺类抗生素氧化去除的研究

近年来,各类抗生素被广泛用于畜禽养殖,并经动物代谢后随粪便和尿液排出体外.代谢物通过沼气工程处理后,得到的沼液又多用于灌溉,使得抗生素进入环境被农作物吸收,进而通过食物链的传递对人体产生危害,因此,沼液中抗生素的去除就显得尤为重要.本文选择畜禽养殖中使用较多的6种抗生素作为目标物质,采用超声-Fenton氧化技术进行去除.通过设置单因素实验考察了超声能量密度、H_2O_2浓度、pH值、n(H_2O_2)/n(Fe~(2+))对抗生素去除的影响,并利用响应曲面法研究了各个因素的交互性影响,拟合出去除抗生素的最优条件.结果表明,通过单因素试验筛选出的最佳反应条件为:pH=4,H_2O_2浓度为0.04 mol·L~(-1),n(H_2O_2)/n(Fe~(2+))=10,超声能量密度为0.050 kW·L~(-1),在此条件下四环素、土霉素、金霉素、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶的去除率分别为91.90%、93.65%、86.09%、87.30%、77.54%、88.21%;再经由响应曲面法进一步优化实验方案得出优化条件为:pH=3.80,H_2O_2浓度为0.04 mol·L~(-1),n(H_2O_2)/n(Fe~(2+))=10.9,超声能量密度为0.055 kW·L~(-1),在此条件下四环素、土霉素、金霉素的去除率分别为92.04%、94.23%、88.46%,磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶的去除率分别为87.98%、80.78%、89.58%,养分TN、TP、TK的保留率分别为99.1%、98.6%、100.2%.可见,超声-Fenton氧化法对沼液中抗生素的去除效果良好,同时又可保留其养分.响应曲面法对优化超声-Fenton氧化去除沼液中的抗生素具有实际应用价值,这为沼液中抗生素的去除提供了一条可能的途径.     

生态工程综合治理系统对农业小流域氮磷污染的治理效应

以典型农业小流域——开慧河流域源区为研究对象,基于研究区农业面源污染的主要排放特征,建立以生态湿地为主的小流域面源污染生态工程综合治理系统,重点探讨其对水体氮磷污染物的去除效果.结果表明,畜禽养殖业是开慧河流域源区水体氮磷污染物的主要来源,需要重点防控.组合生态湿地处理工程对农村分散式生活与养殖混合废水总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的平均去除率为87. 1%和90. 9%;多级人工湿地拦截工程对农田排水与分散式养殖混合废水TN、TP的平均去除率为85. 7%和84. 9%;景观型生态湿地净化工程对末端汇水区水体中TN、TP的去除率在27. 1%～67. 4%和13. 3%～81. 5%之间.整个生态工程综合治理系统对流域TN和TP污染物的总拦截量分别为5 292 kg·a~(-1)和1 054 kg·a~(-1),占研究区农业面源TN、TP总污染负荷的35. 3%和43. 6%.因此,构建的生态工程综合治理系统对流域农业面源氮磷污染具有较好的治理效应,适合在我国南方小流域水环境治理中推广应用.     

Effect of domestic sewage on growth of phytoplankton-mathematical model

A mathematical model relating to the change in phytoplankton biomass in the period of growth and nutrient concentration in the media was proposed on the basis of the Monod equation and was testified by simulation experiments. Analysis of the experiment data showed that: the half-saturation constants for growth Kp (μmol/L) for Skeletonema, Chaetoceros and Prorocentrum were 5.52, 1.90 and 0.46, respectively; the balance between stimulation of nutrients and the inhibition of some other materials was found in the effect of domestic sewage on algal growth and the stimulation played a leading role; domestic sewage was more stimulative on dinoflag-ellate than on diatom and chlorophyte when the assemblage of the algae was cultured. The experiment suggested that mathematical model reasonably explained the characteristics of phytoplankton growth in different nutrient conditions and was worthy to be further improved for eutrophication prediction in off-shore water.     

不同土地利用方式下的地表径流磷输出及其季节性分布特征

在太湖流域利用为期3年的田间试验研究了不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀和径流磷流失特征.结果表明,径流量和土壤侵蚀量都是竹园<板栗园<蔬菜地<玉米-油菜轮作.旱耕地上玉米-油菜轮作和蔬菜种植条件下磷的主要流失途径为泥沙搬运,磷的年均流失量分别为2.67kg.hm-2和2.79kg.hm-2,而竹园和板栗园则分别只有0.28kg.hm-2和0.66kg.hm-2.土壤侵蚀和磷流失主要发生在6~8月降雨集中分布的梅雨和台风季节.旱地上板栗园与玉米-油菜轮作2种利用方式的经济收益接近,但前者土壤侵蚀和磷流失量分别只有后者的6.7%和24.7%,在太湖地区种植板栗是值得鼓励的土地利用方式.稻田水旱(水稻-油菜)轮作条件下,磷主要随农田排水流失,降雨时间和施肥等农事活动的间隔长短在很大程度上决定了磷的年流失量,3次最大的流失事件中磷的流失量可达到全年磷流失的70%以上.稻田水旱轮作方式磷的年均流失量为0.93kg.hm-2,分别只有旱地玉米-油菜轮作和蔬菜地的34.8%和33.3%.因此,根据不同土地利用方式下磷输出量的差异及其季节分布特征合理调整土地利用格局,并在暴雨集中期尽量减少施肥和翻耕等农事活动,可以降低农田生态系统磷的输出.     

长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中营养元素的分布特征及其控制因素

对2003年6月采集的长江口及邻近海域的24个表层沉积物样品进行分析,分别得到C、N、P三种营养元素的三种形态的含量,并由此得到不同形态营养元素的平面分布及其在总量中所占的份额,即IC、IP为C、P的优势形态,而ON为N的优势形态。在此基础上,进一步分析了影响不同营养元素分布的因素,得出上覆水体的温度、沉积物粒度以及水动力条件等对沉积物中营养元素的分布具有重要影响。     

南黄海营养盐的垂直分布特性及其垂向输运规律

根据“中韩黄海水循环动力学合作研究”项目１９９６～１９９８年６个航次的调查资料，对南黄海营养盐的垂直分布特征及其垂向输运规律进行了初步探讨。结果表明：（１）南黄海中北部（３４～３７°Ｎ），除冬季营养盐呈垂直均匀分布外，其他季节在远岸海域则呈现明显的层化现象，且在某些海域营养盐等值线呈上凸趋势或呈马鞍形分布，这与生物活动和黄海冷水团及其垂直环流有关；在近岸浅水区，营养盐基本呈垂直均匀分布。（２）南黄海南部（３４°Ｎ以南）：西侧浅水区（水深＜４０ｍ），营养盐基本呈垂直均匀分布且含量很高；东侧深水区，冬、春季营养盐垂直分布均匀且含量较低，夏、秋季时由于来自东海北部的冷水沿坡爬升，营养盐等值线呈极明显的上凸趋势。     

Integrated nutrient management and waste recycling for restoring soil fertility and productivity in Japanese mint and mustard sequence in Uttar Pradesh, India

Supplementing the nutrient requirement of crops through organic manures plays a key role in sustaining soil fertility, and crop productivity and reducing use of fossil fuels. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years at two different locations (i.e. Lucknow and Pantnagar) in Uttar Pradesh, India. The objectives of the study were to assess the herb and essential oil yields of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis cv. Hy 77), and its nutrient accumulation under single and combined applications of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers (NPK). Changes in physical and chemical characteristics of the soils (Fluvisols, Mollisols) were also determined. Eight treatments comprising different combinations of NPK through inorganic fertilizers and farm yard manure (FYM) were compared. The distilled waste of mint after extraction of essential oil was recycled to soils in the plots to supplement the nutritional requirement of the succeeding mustard crop (Brassica juncea cv. Pusa Bold). Herb and essential oil yield of mint were significantly higher with combined application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients as compared to single applications. Accumulation of N and P was at par under full inorganic and combined supply whereas, K accumulation was higher with the former. Soil organic C and pH after harvest of mint did not significantly differ among the treatments, but the level of mineralizable N, Olsen-P and NH₄OAc extractable K were higher in soil with integrated supply of nutrients. Significant increase in soil water stable aggregates, organic C, available NPK and microbial biomass, and decrease in soil bulk density were observed with waste recycling over fertilizer application. These benefits were reflected in the seed and stubble yield of mustard which succeeded mint. This study indicates that combined application of inorganic fertilizers with organics helps in increasing the availability of nutrients and crop yield and provides a significant effect to the succeeding crop. Similarly, recycling crop residues reduces the need for fossil fuel based fertilizer, and helps in sustaining and restoring soil fertility in terms of available nutrients and major physical and chemical characteristics of the soil.     

Simulation of sludge-dredging effects in controlling nutrient release of Lake Kasumigaura with large-size core samples

Ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｌｕｄｇｅ－ｄｒｅｄｇｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｉｎｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｒｅｌｅａｓｅｏｆＬａｋｅＫａｓｕｍｉｇａｕｒａｗｉｔｈｌａｒｇｅ－ｓｉｚｅｃｏｒｅｓａｍｐｌｅｓ￥ＦａｎＣｈｅｎｇｘｉｎ（ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＩ...