SPATIAL VARIATION OF NUTRIENT BALANCE IN THE TRUCKEE RIVER,CALIFORNIA‐NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: Because the Truckee River connects two lakes along the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains with different limiting nutrients, this research addresses whether the nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) balance of the river ecosystem changes longitudinally. Historical (1990 to 2000) total nitro‐gen:total phosphorus (TN:TP) ratios in river water exhibited the expected gradient from high N:P ratios upstream to low N:P ratios downstream, with the major gradient of the N:P balance occurring within the transition between montane and high desert terrain. During 2001, the river contained anomalously low total nitrogen concentrations in the far upper reaches and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the lower reaches, resulting in a less apparent longitudinal gradient of N:P ratios. Measurements of periphyton growth and physiology (nutrient bioassays and ectoenzyme activities) and stoichiometry during the summer of 2001 also exhibited a complex picture of the spatial variation of N:P balance that was not entirely consistent with a strong N:P gradient. However, the compendium of the indicators did support the overall picture of an overarching longitudinal gradient from high to low N:P ratios. The results suggest that periphyton management efforts in the Truckee River should consider the overall spatial gradient as well as the small‐scale dynamics of the stream ecosystem structure.     

LAKE EUTROPHICATION–A NATURAL PROCESS1

Lake eutrophication is an economic, recreational, and aesthetic problem that affects every lake of the world. Eutrophication is the natural process of lake aging, and progresses irrespective of man's activities. Pollution, however, can hasten the natural rate of aging and shorten the life expectancy of a body of water. The eutrophication of a lake consists of the gradual progression from one life stage to another based on the degree of nourishment or productivity. The extinction of a lake is attributed to enrichment by nutritive materials, biological productivity, decay, and sedimentation. Presently used methods for retarding eutrophication are the abatement of cultural enrichment, treatment of eutrophic symptoms, and control of fundamental causes.     

WATER QUALITY TRENDS IN LAKE TOHOPEKALIGA,FLORIDA, USA: RESPONSES TO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Water quality in eutrophic Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, improved markedly from 1982 to 1992 as a result of reductions in phosphorus and nitrogen loading to the lake. Annual budgets of water, chloride, phosphorus and nitrogen were constructed for the lake, and indicate it is a sink for phosphorus and a source for nitrogen. Water column concentrations of total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and chlorophyll a all declined as external inputs of nutrients decreased. Water column nitrogen: phosphorus ratios have increased, suggesting a probable shift from nitrogen- to phosphorus-limitation. This apparent shift in nutrient limitation status also is supported by comparisons of the mean Trophic State Indices for phosphorus, nitrogen, and chlorophyll a. These improvements in water quality are attributed to the diversion of wastewater treatment plant effluent from the lake, and the increased use of wet retention ponds for stormwater runoff.     

程海的环境问题及其管理对策探讨

程海水污染和富营养化程度日趋严重,ｐＨ值和氟化物浓度超过国家《地面水环境质量标准》Ｖ类,非离子氨和总磷浓度也较高,矿化度趋近咸水湖标准,湖水已达到富营养水平。然而,程海目前的水质仍主要由自然演化进程决定,ｐＨ值、氟化物和总磷浓度适宜分别控制在背景值９．１１￣９．３０之间、１．８８￣２．２３ｍｇ／Ｌ之间和０．０５８ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。程海是磷限制型,富营养化控制重点应放在入湖磷负荷上。目前程海最大的污染源     

Integrated Crop–livestock Management Systems in Sub-saharan Africa

This paper outlines the advantages of integrated crop–livestock systems and unsolved problems that need to be studied further. The discussion is subdivided by ecozone with consideration of arid and dry semi-arid areas with extensive livestock management; moist semi-arid and semi-humid areas where integrated crop–livestock systems are common; and humid areas where swine and poultry often predominate. To maintain soil organic matter in all ecozones, efficient recovery and use of nutrients from animal manures, crop residues and green manures is essential. In extensive systems in dry zones, animals transport nutrients from grazing areas to cropland, while in moister regions that are more intensively farmed, the emphasis is on the efficiency of nutrient recovery. Specific research questions relating to the overall ecosystem, nutrient cycling, plants, and animals are posed.     

铁矿采选项目周边土壤环境质量评价——以固阳县某一铁矿为例

本文以固阳县某一铁矿采选项目为例,以工程区域为单元,对其采场、选厂和尾矿库周边的土壤环境质量进行调查．对土壤的养分和污染因子进行评价。对于土壤养分,采用全国第二次土壤普查土壤养分分级标准进行评价。对于重金属各项污染因子。参照土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）,采用内梅罗污染指数法,对铁矿周边的土壤环境质量进行评价。划定污染等级。     

Estimation of ammonia nitrogen load from nonpoint sources in the Xitiao River catchment, China

Ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) is one of the three main forms of total nitrogen (TN). Most studies have estimated the load of TN from nonpoint sources instead of one specific form. The relationship between land use and concentrations of NH4+-N in runoff was analyzed using the hydraulic analysis functions of a Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the annual loads of NH4+-N in the Xitiao River catchment were estimated according to model results. The results suggested that the calculated annual loads of NH4+-N...     

基于生态足迹模型的土地利用生态环境分析方法研究

随着经济和社会的发展,生态环境问题正日益受到各国政府和社会的关注。而作为人类一切活动载体的土地,其生态环境显得愈加重要。生态足迹法是一种定量度量生态经济发展协调状况及发展能力的有效方法。本文是基于Bicknell的投入产出模型探讨了对土地利用生态环境进行动态分析的方法,进一步研究了一定区域在进行对外贸易时,对土地资源的开发利用和消费,为衡量土地生态环境和可持续发展状况,作出科学的决策提供定量工具。并从土地利用角度出发,提出了减少生态赤字一些对策。     

TiO2对聚偏氟乙烯膜的改性研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2胶体,用涂覆的方法拯TiO2胶体附在聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）膜表面,测试磺化时间,浸泡时间对膜通量的影响,通过改变膜表面的性质,以及对截留率和接触角的测定,找出改性膜的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：从接触角来讲,磺化时间为2小时,浸凝的时间为10分钟时,改性膜的通量最好;改性膜的截留率普遍都高于未改性膜的截留率;改性后膜生物反应器的出水水质更好。为增加膜通量,延长膜寿命,降低膜反应器的成本,降低处理污水的造价提供了一种新的参考方向。     

大气湿沉降对长江口水域营养盐的贡献

为研究我国长江口大气湿沉降对近海水域营养盐的贡献,2004年6月～2005年5月于长江口水域崇明岛收集31个大气湿沉降样品,采用分光光度法测定溶解性NH4 、NO3-、NO2-、PO)034-和SiO23-.结果表明,大气湿沉降中营养盐月平均浓度变化较大,NH4 和NO3-浓度较高.营养盐湿沉降通量具有明显的季节性,总无机氮(TIN)、PO34-和SiO32-的湿沉降通量分别为52.02、0.17、0.10 mmoll(m2·a).NH4 是TIN的主要贡献者,占TIN的70.9%.由于大气湿沉降中营养盐的浓度和组成比例与长江口表层海水有显著的差别,可使海水表层的营养盐结构、盐度、pH等发生改变,从而影响到浮游植物生长和种群结构,甚至会引发赤潮.