《环境影响评价法》第31条新解

《环境影响评价法》第31条一直是该法备受关注和饱受争议的对象,如何全面正确地认识这一条款的规定才能更好地实施和完善环境影响评价制度？通过对31条两种情形下建设单位行为的主观恶性的再分析、对照环境影响评价的价值和目的对该责任条款的再认识、对环境影响评价执法难的根源追寻等方面来探讨对31条的全新认识和补充完善。     

生物炭输入对不同滨岸带土壤营养元素有效态变化的影响

生物炭作为一种新型环保材料常被用于改良土壤和污染修复,生物炭输入对土壤中营养元素的有效态会产生明显影响.本文基于太湖滨岸带不同土地利用类型(林地、草地、耕地和荒地),对比研究生物炭施加对不同类型土壤中营养元素有效态含量的影响,并探讨其动力学变化规律.结果表明,生物炭施加能够明显影响滨岸带土壤营养元素有效态含量,但对碳氮磷的影响效果存在差别.添加生物炭之后,土壤中溶解性有机碳呈显著下降趋势,而有效氮轻微增加,有效磷则明显增加.林地、草地、耕地和荒地土壤中溶解性有机碳含量分别下降了33. 3%、27. 4%、29. 5%和51. 4%;有效氮含量分别提高了10. 8%、18. 2%、16. 4%和15. 2%;有效磷含量分别增加了40. 0%、50. 2%、34. 0%和43. 6%.对比控制组(CK)和添加组(BC)的变化,土壤溶解性有机碳和有效磷含量在两组之间差别不大,而有效氮的含量变化差距较大,且在4种利用类型土壤中,生物炭施加后对不同营养元素有效态的影响程度有所差异.     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林土壤酸度与土壤养分的季节动态

研究了鼎湖山南亚热带森林演替系列中处于中间阶段的针阔叶混交林土壤的pH值、水解氮、速效磷、钾、交换性钙、镁等几种营养元素的含量现状及季节动态。结果表明：混交林土壤为强酸性土壤，表层(0--20cm)土壤酸度高于中(20--40cm)、下(40-60cm)层土壤，0～40cm土壤pH值具有明显的季节波动性。降雨、温度、凋落物、植物根系以及微生物的活动等因素可能是鼎湖山混交林土壤pH值季节动态变化的主要因素。除Ca外，在同一剖面内，表层土壤养分的含量明显高于中下层，而中下层之间相差不大，养分大多在冬季较高，随着季节变动(1，4，7，10月)呈下降趋势。     

长江口海域近50a来营养盐的变化及其对浮游植物群落演替的影响

本文根据收集到的1960s到2000s年间东海长江口附近海域(30.5～32°N,122～123°E)的营养盐数据,分析了长江口海域营养盐的季节变化及历史变化趋势。其中根据1959～1960年,1985～1986年和2002～2003年长江口海域营养盐的季节变化数据,发现50 a来,营养盐的季节变化差异不大,均呈现出春夏低,秋冬高的季节变化趋势,其中2002～2003年四个季节之间营养盐含量的变化幅度较其它两年略小。从1960s～2000s年的历史变化可以看出,调查海域的DIN含量呈现出显著上升的趋势,但是在2000年以后,DIN的年平均含量略有降低但变化不大,基本保持在18μmol/L。DIP年平均浓度变化不明显,浓度范围维持在0.39～0.60μmol/L之间。SiO3-Si的年平均含量呈现出明显的降低趋势。就营养盐组成变化来说,DIN/P比例和Si/DIN比值的变化趋势相反,DIN/P比例呈现出升高的趋势而Si/DIN呈现出降低的趋势。生物数据表明从1980s以后该海域赤潮优势种有从硅藻演变为甲藻的趋势,结合营养盐的变化分析认为过量的DIN和持续升高的DIN/P是造成这一藻种长期演变现象的主要原因。     

中国磷消费结构的变化特征及其对环境磷负荷的影响

本研究先建立物质流分析模型,分析1980～2008年期间我国磷消费结构的变化特征及其对环境磷负荷的影响,随后探讨若干社会经济因素同我国磷消费污染之间的关联性.结果表明,城市生活和农村生活的人均磷养分输入分别由0.83 kg.a-1和0.75 kg.a-1增加到1.20 kg.a-1和0.99 kg.a-1,而城市生活磷养分循环比例则由62.6%下降到15.6%;畜禽养殖和种植业的磷养分输入持续增加,但前者磷养分循环比例由67.5%下降到40.5%,后者大量磷养分蓄积在农业土壤;人口、城市化水平、种植业发展水平以及畜禽养殖业发展水平与我国磷消费污染总负荷的相关系数达到0.90以上,说明它们是我国磷消费污染的重要诱因;环境Kuznets曲线研究表明我国目前仍处于初级发展阶段,牺牲环境质量以换取经济发展.研究表明,我国磷消费体系正向线性开放的代谢结构演变,磷养分流失持续增加,环境磷负荷大大加重.     

粗枝云杉不同径级根系分解过程中4种养分元素的释放特征

植物根系分解是养分元素进入土壤的重要途径之一.为了解径级对根系分解过程中养分元素释放的潜在影响,以川西亚高山针叶林中的粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)为对象,采用原位分解试验,研究云杉3个径级(0-2 mm,2-5 mm和5-10 mm)根系分解过程中钾(K)、钠(Na)、钙(Ca)和镁(Mg)元素的浓度、残留...     

上覆水营养盐浓度对底泥氮磷释放的影响

采用校园水体底泥进行上覆水营养盐浓度对底泥释放量之间的关系研究。结果表明,在本实验条件下,上覆水水质影响底泥氮、磷的释放,尤其显著影响氮、磷的初期释放;上覆水氮、磷的浓度越小,底泥氮、磷的释放量越大;上覆水氮、磷的浓度超过一定值,会抑制底泥氮、磷的释放。     

超声破解污泥上清液对A~2O工艺脱氮除磷和微生物群落结构的影响

为了提高传统污水处理工艺的脱氮除磷效率、实现污泥资源化,本实验通过超声破解污泥获取碳源,采用耗氧呼吸速率分析上清液作为碳源的可行性,并将上清液回用于生活污水,考察其对A2O工艺长期运行的脱氮除磷效果和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,上清液中可降解有机物达到76.2%,具有作为内碳源的潜能;上清液和生活污水按1∶15投入A2O反应器后,氮、磷的去除率分别从63.2%和53.4%提高到了82.1%和94.7%;上清液明显改变了微生物群落结构,使除磷菌Actinobacteia和反硝化聚磷菌Sphingobacterium富集。     

The predictive validity of safety climate

PROBLEM: Safety professionals have increasingly turned their attention to social science for insight into the causation of industrial accidents. One social construct, safety climate, has been examined by several researchers [Cooper, M. D., & Phillips, R. A. (2004). Exploratory analysis of the safety climate and safety behavior relationship. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 497-512; Gillen, M., Baltz, D., Gassel, M., Kirsch, L., & Vacarro, D. (2002). Perceived safety climate, job Demands, and coworker support among union and nonunion injured construction workers. Journal of Safety Research, 33(1), 33-51; Neal, A., & Griffin, M. A. (2002). Safety climate and safety behaviour. Australian Journal of Management, 27, 66-76; Zohar, D. (2000). A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 587-596; Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2005). A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 616-628] who have documented its importance as a factor explaining the variation of safety-related outcomes (e.g., behavior, accidents). Researchers have developed instruments for measuring safety climate and have established some degree of psychometric reliability and validity. The problem, however, is that predictive validity has not been firmly established, which reduces the credibility of safety climate as a meaningful social construct. The research described in this article addresses this problem and provides additional support for safety climate as a viable construct and as a predictive indicator of safety-related outcomes. METHODS: This study used 292 employees at three locations of a heavy manufacturing organization to complete the 16 item Zohar Safety Climate Questionnaire (ZSCQ) [Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2005). A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 616-628]. In addition, safety behavior and accident experience data were collected for 5 months following the survey and were statistically analyzed (structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, etc.) to identify correlations, associations, internal consistency, and factorial structures. RESULTS: Results revealed that the ZSCQ: (a) was psychometrically reliable and valid, (b) served as an effective predictor of safety-related outcomes (behavior and accident experience), and (c) could be trimmed to an 11 item survey with little loss of explanatory power. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Practitioners and researchers can use the ZSCQ with reasonable certainty of the questionnaire's reliability and validity. This provides a solid foundation for the development of meaningful organizational interventions and/or continued research into social factors affecting industrial accident experience.     

Effects of sediment dredging on water quality and zooplankton community structure in a shallow of eutrophic lake

Effects of suction dredging on water quality and zooplankton community structure in a shallow of eutrophic lake,were evaluated.The results showed that a decreasing trend for levels of phosphorus,organic matter,total suspended solids,Chlorophyll a and Secchi transparency in the water column was found,while levels of water depth,electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids and NO 3--N concentration increased markedly post-dredging.The effects of dredging on dissolved oxygen,pH value and temperature were alm...