降雨对坡面产沙及土壤养分流失的影响研究

为研究天然降雨条件下坡面产沙及土壤养分流失的变化规律,根据当地不同的种植模式,在野外标准径流小区进行试验.结果表明,采用玉米顺垄耕作坡面产沙量同I30关系最为密切,产沙量随I30的增大而增多;采用玉米横垄的耕作方式时,坡面产沙量同降雨量和降雨强度没有明显的变化规律.降雨量对径流中土壤养分流失量的影响不明显,而径流中土壤...     

向家坝水库营养盐时空分布特征及滞留效应

向家坝建库后改变了河流原有的水动力、营养盐分布及输移条件.为研究向家坝水库营养盐分布特征及滞留效应,通过2015～2016年分季度水库水质监测结果,分析向家坝水库水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和溶解性硅(SiO_3~(2-)-Si)营养盐时空分布特征、滞留量、滞留效率.研究发现,向家坝水库TN、TP和SiO_3~(2-)-Si营养盐质量浓度均值分别为0. 905、0. 034和7. 98mg·L~(-1).其中,TN质量浓度在城镇人口密集区偏大,分布主要受点源影响;磷营养盐以颗粒态磷为主,TP质量浓度在水库中自上而下沿程降低,SiO_3~(2-)-Si质量浓度分布在时空上差异较小.向家坝对TN、TP和SiO_3~(2-)-Si营养盐滞留量为2. 30×10~4、0. 146×10~4和-2. 4×10~4t·a~(-1).在不同季度,TN和SiO_3~(2-)-Si滞留量有正有负,而TP则始终表现为正滞留. TN、TP和SiO_3~(2-)-Si月平均滞留效率分别为17. 5%、32. 8%和-2. 14%.整体上实际滞留效率表现为丰水期高于枯水期,并且TP的滞留作用更为显著. TN滞留量主要受反硝化作用,以及外源负荷输入影响; SiO_3~(2-)-Si输送通量主要受径流量影响;水库运行周期以及磷的颗粒形态则是TP滞留的主要因素.向家坝水库对营养盐的滞留效应与TN和SiO_3~(2-)-Si质量浓度变化无明显相关性,而水库对TP的滞留效应使TP质量浓度在水库纵向上沿程减小,在各监测样点垂向水深上TP质量浓度则有增大的趋势.     

梯级水库建设下的水沙营养盐协同变化规律研究：以嘉陵江为例

水库建设在兴利防洪的同时对多个环境要素造成了影响,现有研究主要分析水、沙、营养盐等单一要素变化,缺乏不同要素间的协同分析.本研究基于IHA指标、MK分析、Spearman相关分析等方法讨论了1995—2017年嘉陵江梯级水库建设对流域水-沙-污染物等单个要素和多个要素协同性的综合影响.结果表明,水库建设对河流流量具有"削峰填平"作用,其中枯水期流量增加13.3%～47.0%,丰水期流量下降率最高则达19.4%;相对于流量,水库建设对泥沙的削减作用更为明显,且对上游河流泥沙输移影响更大.同时,水库建设后其下游水、沙、营养盐过程线趋同,尤其是丰水期,水、沙、营养盐指标相关系数显著提升,均达0.75以上.该结果补充了目前水库建设对水、沙、营养盐综合影响研究的不足,为水利工程影响下的水环境综合管理提供了支撑.     

Response mechanism of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to nanoscale bismuth oxyiodide (nano-BiOI): Integrating analysis of mineral nutrient metabolism and metabolomics

Nanoscale bismuth oxyiodide (nano-BiOI) is widely studied and applied in environmental applications and biomedical fields, with the consequence that it may be deposited into aquatic environments. However, the impact of nano-BiOI on aquatic ecosystems, especially freshwater microalga, remains limited. Herein, the nano-BiOI was synthesized and its response mechanism towards microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was evaluated. Results showed that a low concentration of nano-BiOI (5 mg/L) could stimulate algal growth at the early stage of stress. With the increase in concentration, the growth rate of algal cells was inhibited and showed a dose effect. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly induced and accompanied by enhanced lipid peroxidation, decreased nonspecific esterase activity, and significantly upregulated glutathione S-transferase activity (GST) activity. Mineral nutrient metabolism analysis showed that nano-BiOI significantly interfered with the mineral nutrients of the algae. Non-targeted metabolomics identified 35 different metabolites (DEMs, 22 upregulated, and 13 downregulated) under 100 mg/L BiOI stress. Metabolic pathway analysis demonstrated that a high concentration of nano-BiOI significantly induced metabolic pathways related to amino acid biosynthesis, lipid biosynthesis, and glutathione biosynthesis, and significantly inhibited the sterol biosynthesis pathway. This finding will contribute to understanding the toxicological mechanisms of nano-BiOI on C. reinhardtii.     

Contemporary forest loss in Myanmar: Effect of democratic transition and subsequent timber bans on landscape structure and composition

This study addresses the effect of political transition and subsequent timber bans on forest loss in Myanmar, in the context of identified drivers. Cook’s Distance (CD) was applied to remotely sensed time-series forest loss dataset to measure the effect of the events. Forest loss derived fragmentation metrics were linked to drivers at a landscape scale. Results show that at the national level, the political transition in 2011 had maximum effect (CD 0.935) on forest loss while the timber bans decreased forest loss by 612.04 km² and 213.15 km² in 2015 and 2017 (CD 0.146 and 0.035), respectively. The effect of the events varied for different States/Regions. The dominant drivers of change shifted from plantations in 2011 to infrastructure development in 2015. This study demonstrates the effects of policy on forest loss at various scales and can inform decision-makers for forest conservation, planning and development of mitigation measures.     

外源营养盐输入后水体中营养盐浓度的时空变化

在温室内的水泥沟渠中人工构建6种不同的植物镶嵌群落,通过人工添加营养盐的方式模拟外源营养盐输入,并持续测量单次营养盐添加后22 d内水体表层、中层和底层可溶性总氮(DTN)、可溶性总磷(DTP)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、硝氮(NO-3-N)以及亚硝氮(NO-2-N)浓度变化情况,以揭示单次外源营养盐输入后水体营养盐浓度的时空变化过程.结果表明:①不同水深和测量时间下各形态营养盐浓度有显著差别,植物群落类型对不同形态营养盐浓度影响不显著;②外源营养盐进入表层水体后扩散到中层水体的过程较为缓慢,在本实验条件下需要6 d;③实验过程中底层水体NO-2-N以外的其它营养盐浓度均无显著变化,外源营养盐输入仅影响表层和中层水体营养盐浓度;④单次外源营养盐输入一定时间后DTP和NH+4-N浓度逐渐下降到输入前水平,本实验条件下这一过程需要22 d,DTN和NO-3-N浓度则下降非常缓慢;⑤外源营养盐输入水体后不同深度水体中NO-2-N浓度均呈上升趋势,一方面说明外源营养盐输入后,水体N循环过程中的硝化作用和反硝化作用加强,另一方面也说明外源营养盐输入除危害水生生态系统健康以外更会直接危及人类自身的健康.     

三江平原典型沼泽湿地养分累积与沉积特征

研究了三江平原两类典型沼泽湿地(毛果苔草沼泽和芦苇沼泽)沉积物剖面有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫的垂直分布规律,初步分析了三江平原湿地的沉积速率与沉积通量.结果表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫在垂直方向上具有明显的分层和富聚现象,自上而下,有机碳的含量逐渐降低;全氮含量呈先增加后减少的分布趋势;毛果苔草沼泽全磷含量呈先减少后增加的"V"型分布,芦苇沼泽全磷含量逐渐降低;全硫的分布和有机碳的分布规律一致.相关性分析表明,全氮、全磷和全硫与有机碳之间呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);有机碳与容重之间呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01).植被类型是影响沼泽湿地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全硫的空间分布的主要因素之一.应用137Cs、210Pb测定沉积年代,并结合恒定放射性通量(CRS)模式推算年龄的结果表明,三江平原湿地平均沉积速率为0.33 cm·a-1,沉积通量为0.03～0.48 g·(cm2·a)-1,平均为0.29 g·(cm2·a)-1.     

Adaptation of microbial communities to multiple stressors associated with litter decomposition of Pterocarya stenoptera

To understand the further impacts of multiple stressors in freshwater, we investigated the effects of heavy metal(HM, Cu and Zn) and nutrient enrichments(nitrogen and phosphorus, NP) on microbial decomposition of Pterocarya stenoptera litter and the associated extracellular enzyme activities and microbial biomass with microcosms. Results showed that the decomposition rates were slower in the polluted stream waters than those in the unpolluted ones, which corresponded to lower microbial biomass and integrated enzyme activities of cellulose and β-glucosidase. The decomposition rates were accelerated at low HM level, which was associated with the stimulated enzyme activities of hydrolytic enzymes or was stimulated by both NP levels in polluted stream waters. In particular, the hydrolase enzyme activities of microbial communities in polluted stream waters were stimulated by low HM level, suggesting that low HM level-stimulated litter decomposition may be due to the increased enzymatic activities. When microbial communities were exposed to HM and NP simultaneously, the inhibitory effect(in unpolluted stream waters) or the stimulated effect(in polluted stream waters) of low HM concentration was enhanced and attenuated, respectively, which suggests that the NP antagonistic effect against HM toxicity on litter decomposition may contribute to the litterassociated extracellular enzyme activities. These results suggest that the co-occurrence of HM and NP may have antagonistic effects on stream ecosystem functioning.     

Alginate modifies the physiological impact of CeO2 nanoparticles in corn seedlings cultivated in soil

Alginates are naturally occurring components of organic matter in natural soil whose effects on nanoparticle （NP） toxicity to plants is not well understood. In the present study, corn plants were grown for one month in soil spiked with 400 mg/kg CeO2 NPs with various alginate concentrations. After one month of growth in the NPs impacted soil, plants were harvested and analyzed for Ce and mineral element concentrations. Chlorophyll concentration and heat shock protein 70, used as biomarkers for oxidative stress, were also evaluated. Results showed that, compared to CeO2 NPs treatment, alginate at 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg increased Ce concentration in roots by approximately 46%, 38%, and 29% and by 115%, 45%, and 56% in shoots, respectively. CeO 2 NPs without alginate increased Mn accumulation in roots by 34% compared to control. CeO2 NPs with low and medium alginate increased Mn by ca. 92% respect to NPs without alginate and by ca. 155% respect to control. CeO2 NPs without/with alginate significantly increased accumulation of Fe and Al in roots. In addition, alginate at 50 mg/kg increased Zn accumulation in roots by 52% compared to control. In shoots, K increased at all NP treatments but the accumulation of other elements was not affected. Alginate enlarged the impact of CeO2 NPs to corn plants by reducing chlorophyll a content and triggering overexpression of heat shock protein 70.     

东南沿海河流-水库系统藻类生长营养盐限制季节变动

选取厦漳泉三地市饮用水源地九龙江20条支流以及4个水库开展2013~2014年为期一年的逐月水质与生态调查与监测,并借助GIS、统计分析方法,识别了氮磷营养盐和浮游植物藻类丰度和群落的时空变异性,河流与水库氮磷营养盐限制的差异性以及其控制性的季节性变化特征.结果表明,九龙江支流和水库的营养盐、藻类丰度和群落都分别展示出明显的时空变异性.支流和水库均呈现营养盐氮素浓度冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低;营养盐磷素浓度大体与之相反.水库藻类丰度于夏季最高,而支流藻类丰度呈现冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低的趋势.其中,汀溪水库于秋冬春季节和夏季呈现硅藻,绿藻演替;江东库区于冬春,夏秋季节呈现绿藻-隐藻、绿藻-蓝藻演替;石兜-坂头水库以及支流均未出现季节演替现象,优势藻分别为蓝藻、绿藻.RDA排序图较好地显示了浮游植物藻类与环境因子之间的关系.水库叶绿素a与氮磷营养盐之间呈现显著相关性,相关关系较强,并且其相关关系在冬春季节呈现营养盐磷的限制性,夏秋季节呈现营养盐氮的限制性.相比于水库,支流叶绿素a与营养盐之间只有夏秋季节呈现显著相关性,且相关关系较弱.