Seasonal variations of organic-carbon and nutrient transport through a tropical estuary (Tsengwen) in southwestern Taiwan

This paper reports the fluvial fluxes and estuarine transport of organic carbon and nutrients from a tropical river (Tsengwen River), southwestern Taiwan. Riverine fluxes of organic carbon and nutrients were highly variable temporally, due primarily to temporal variations in river discharge and suspended load. The sediment yield of the drainage basin during the study period (1995–1996, 616 tonne km^–2 year^–1) was ca. 15 times lower than that of the long-term (1960–1998) average (9379 tonne km² year^–1), resulting mainly from the damming effect and historically low record of river water discharge (5.02 m³ s^–1) in 1995. The flushing time of river water in the estuary varied from 5 months in the dry season to >4.5 days in the wet season and about 1 day in the flood period. Consequently, distributions of nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were of highly seasonal variability in the estuary. Nutrients and POC behaved nonconservatively but DOC behaved conservatively in the estuary. DOC fluxes were generally greater than POC fluxes with the exception that POC fluxes considerably exceeded DOC fluxes during the flood period. Degradation of DOC and POC within the span of flushing time was insignificant and may contribute little amount of CO₂ to the estuary during the wet season and flood period. Net estuarine fluxes of nutrients were determined by riverine fluxes and estuarine removals (or additions) of nutrients. The magnitude of estuarine removal or addition for a nutrient was also seasonally variable, and these processes must be considered for net flux estimates from the river to the sea. As a result, nonconservative fluxes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) from the estuary are –0.002, –0.09 and –0.59 mmol m^–2 day^–1, respectively, for dry season, wet season and flood period, indicating internal sinks of DIP during all seasons. Due to high turbidity and short flushing time of estuarine water, DIP in the flood period may be derived largely from geochemical processes rather than biological removal, and this DIP should not be included in an annual estimate of carbon budget. The internal sink of phosphorus corresponds to a net organic carbon production (photosynthesis–respiration, p–r) during dry (0.21 mmol m^–2 day^–1) and wet (9.5 mmol m^–2 day^–1) seasons. The magnitude of net production (p–r) is 1.5 mol m^–2 year^–1, indicating that the estuary is autotrophic in 1995. However, there is a net nitrogen loss (nitrogen fixation–denitrification < 0) in 1995, but the magnitude is small (–0.17 mol m^–2 year^–1).     

Spatial,temporal, and environmental limits on xanthotoxin induction in wild parsnip foliage

Summary Although present constitutively in large amounts, furanocoumarins in leaves of wild parsnip,Pastinaca sativa, are inducible to even higher concentrations by mechanical and insect damage. We conducted several experiments in order to characterize the nature and extent of xanthotoxin inducibility inP. sativa foliage. In order to determine the extent to which induction is localized, we mechanically damaged a single leaflet of a compound leaf on seven plants. Xanthotoxin concentrations increased significantly only in the damaged leaflet and in the half of the terminal leaflet closest to the damaged leaflet; thus, xanthotoxin induction is localized to the immediate vicinity of damage. To determine whether xanthotoxin induction results fromin situ biosynthesis or translocation from other plant parts, we detached individual leaflets from ten plants, damaged half of these detached leaflets, and compared xanthotoxin concentrations after 6 h in damaged and intact leaflets. We found that xanthotoxin concentrations increased 41% in damaged leaflets compared to detached leaflets that were not damaged. We also determined the rapidity and duration of the induction response. In leaflets that were damaged and then harvested after 0, 3, 24, 72, 120 and 168 h, xanthotoxin concentrations increased rapidly compared to undamaged leaflets on the opposite side of the leaf, reaching maximum levels within 24 h. This response was of comparatively short duration; concentrations declined to preinduction levels after seven days. To determine whether availability of resources influences the induced response, we performed two experiments, one in which soil nutrients were manipulated and one in which light level was manipulated. The low nutrient treatment was sufficiently extreme to cause cessation of aboveground growth, and the low light treatment caused etiolation. Extremes of resource limitation notwithstanding, leaflets significantly increased xanthotoxin production (2 to 3-fold increase under nutrient limitation and 3-fold increase under light limitation) in response to damage in both experiments.     

武汉东湖湖水的藻类生长潜力(AGP)测试

在东湖湖水样品中添加排入东湖的主要污水或营养物（氮和磷）进行藻类测试,观察它们对斜生橱藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）的生长促进作用.生长反应与添加的污水浓度成正比,其SC₂₀（促进20％增长的浓度）为0.5—4％.单独添加氮或磷,在高浓度情况下也很少促进藻类生长,但共同添加时大多有促进作用.东湖为一严重富营养型湖泊,为了控制其富营养化进程,污水截流应是首先要采取的一项措施.     

官厅水库上游河流营养物参照状态的制定

采用参照河流百分位法、一般河流百分位法和多元线性回归法,制定了官厅水库上游流域河流雨季和旱季的营养物参照状态,探讨季风气候对河流营养物参照状态的季节性影响,并识别影响官厅水库上游河流营养物浓度的主要人类活动.结果表明：参照河流点和一般河流点总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）浓度在雨季和旱季均表现出明显的季节性差异.参照河流百分位法、一般河流百分位法和多元线性回归法制定的营养物参照状态在雨季和旱季也均存在季节性差异,取3种方法的平均值作为官厅水库上游河流的营养物参照状态：TN在雨季和旱季参照状态的建议值分别为1.580和1.672mg/L; TP在雨季和旱季参照状态的建议值分别为0.075和0.055mg/L.影响河流TN浓度的人类活动按贡献大小依次为：畜禽养殖污染负荷强度、耕地（坡度0~8°）比例和城市用地比例.影响河流TP浓度的人类活动按贡献大小依次为：耕地（坡度0~8°）比例和畜禽养殖污染负荷强度.     

密闭培养对纤细角毛藻稳定同位素组成的影响

为研究碳源对赤潮藻生长的影响,以赤潮藻纤细角毛藻（Chaetoceros gracilis）为研究对象,在密闭条件下进行培养,模拟赤潮发生时碳源缺乏的生长环境;分析碳源不足对纤细角毛藻不同生长阶段的差异影响,采用密闭培养的方法,分别在正常组和缺氮组的营养条件下培养纤细角毛藻,测定生物量、营养盐浓度和碳氮稳定同位素组成等重要监测指标.结果表明:不同营养条件对纤细角毛藻的生物量存在显著影响.在正常组,c（NO₃--N）（NO₃--N为硝酸盐）随着培养时间呈下降趋势,ρ（NO₂--N）（NO₂--N为亚硝酸盐）和ρ（NH₄+-N）（NH₄+-N为铵盐）与藻类生物量呈显著正相关,ρ（PO₄3--P）（PO₄3--P为磷酸盐）和c（SiO₄2--Si）（SiO₄2--Si为硅酸盐）与藻类生物量呈显著负相关;在缺氮组,c（NO₃--N）、ρ（NO₂--N）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（PO₄3--P）和c（SiO₄2--Si）均与藻类生物量呈显著负相关.整个试验周期中,正常组和缺氮组δ13C和δ15N值越来越正.其中,正常组的δ13C值比缺氮组的更正,平均高2.286‰;缺氮组的δ15N值比正常组的更正,平均高3.307‰.正常组和缺氮组的δ13C、δ15N值与生物量均呈显著正相关.研究显示,碳源和氮源的不足分别会导致更正的δ13C和δ15N值,推测赤潮发生会导致δ13C和δ15N值偏正,赤潮藻的碳氮稳定同位素组成可以作为赤潮监测的指标和方法.      

抚仙湖硅藻群落的时空变化特征及其与水环境的关系

抚仙湖是我国重要的深水型淡水湖泊且水体水质总体处于I类水平,近年来在流域开发、全球变暖等影响下其生态环境功能呈现退化的趋势,需要对湖泊生物的群落组成、分布模式及其驱动因子进行系统评价.本研究于2015年选取抚仙湖的南、中、北湖区共3个采样点开展了表层水体硅藻群落和水环境特征的逐月分析.样品中共发现硅藻31个属、166个种且以浮游类型为主,其中云南特有硅藻种Cyclotella rhomboideo-elliptica基本消失.硅藻群落结构的逐月变化在3个采样点中均呈现明显的季节演替特征,其中1、2月优势种主要为Fragilaria crotonensis,3月优势种为Aulacoseira granulata,4月C.ocellata与F.crotonensis同为优势种,而在其余月硅藻群落结构较为单一且优势物种皆为C.ocellata(相对丰度占~80%).而空间尺度上,硅藻优势属种分布和群落结构具有较高的一致性.主成分分析显示,不同湖区的硅藻群落结构组成和水体环境在时间尺度上存在较大差异,而在空间尺度上差异较小;冗余分析和变差分解等分析结果进一步表明,影响群落结构时空变化的主要驱动因子是气象与物理因子(包括水温、风速和透明度),共解释了硅藻群落变率的27.6%,表明了该深水湖泊水体热力分层的厚度与持续时间是影响硅藻群落构建的重要过程.同时,湖泊营养水平与水体离子浓度也对硅藻群落结构产生了明显影响,分别解释了硅藻群落变率的21.2%和9.4%.因此,持续的区域变暖和流域开发明显影响了抚仙湖的生物群落构建与生态系统健康,对抚仙湖的生态保护不仅需要控制营养盐等流域污染物的输入,同时应该积极应对气候变化的长期影响.     

Eutrophication assessment in Greek coastal waters

An attempt is made to assess eutrophication in Greek coastal waters, since the measurements made to date at a few stations do not suffice. In this paper, for more accurate seasonal variations in the nutrient contents, the water masses and their volumes are taken into account. The Pagassitikos Gulf is given as an example and compared to other polluted areas in the Aegean. The variations in the levels of nutrients are due to differences in the sources, as well as the morphology of the bottom and the circulation of waters.     

Natural and Anthropogenic Effects On Phytoplankton Primary Productivity in Mangroves

Spatial and temporal variations and the factors influencing primary production have been studied in three different mangrove waters (Pichavaram, Ennore Creek and Adyar Estuary) of South India characterised by different anthropogenic impacts. the gross primary productivity in the unpolluted Pichavaram mangrove was 113 g Cm^-2yr^-1 exhibiting natural variability with the environmental forcing factors. Human activities have elevated primary productivity in the Ennore Creek mangrove (157g Cm^-2yr^-1) primarily through the direct discharge of fertilizer effluents. By contrast, a combination of domestic and industrial effluent discharges into the Adyar Estuary mangrove has considerably reduced phytoplankton primary productivity 83g Cm^-2yr^-1 the Redfield N: P ratio varies from 0.96 N: 1P at Ennore Creek, 1.75N: 1P at Adyar Estuary to 15.2 N: 1P at Pichavaram mangroves. This suggests that the Pichavaram mangroves represent a well equilibrated ecosystem with N: P ratio close to steady-state values in contrast to the anthropogenically altered mangrove ecosystems studied. Results show a significant temporal variability in nutrient concentration in the three mangrove areas. Distinct differences in nutrient concentrations between the dry and the wet seasons have been observed.     

Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models1

Robertson, Dale M. and David A. Saad, 2011. Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1011‐1033. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00574.x Abstract: Nutrient input to the Laurentian Great Lakes continues to cause problems with eutrophication. To reduce the extent and severity of these problems, target nutrient loads were established and Total Maximum Daily Loads are being developed for many tributaries. Without detailed loading information it is difficult to determine if the targets are being met and how to prioritize rehabilitation efforts. To help address these issues, SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were developed for estimating loads and sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) from the United States (U.S.) portion of the Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi, Ohio, and Red River Basins. Results indicated that recent U.S. loadings to Lakes Michigan and Ontario are similar to those in the 1980s, whereas loadings to Lakes Superior, Huron, and Erie decreased. Highest loads were from tributaries with the largest watersheds, whereas highest yields were from areas with intense agriculture and large point sources of nutrients. Tributaries were ranked based on their relative loads and yields to each lake. Input from agricultural areas was a significant source of nutrients, contributing ～33‐44% of the P and ～33‐58% of the N, except for areas around Superior with little agriculture. Point sources were also significant, contributing ～14‐44% of the P and 13‐34% of the N. Watersheds around Lake Erie contributed nutrients at the highest rate (similar to intensively farmed areas in the Midwest) because they have the largest nutrient inputs and highest delivery ratio.