Influence of Sampling Frequency on Estimation of Annual Total Phosphorus and Total Suspended Solids Loads1

Abstract: The determination of sediment and nutrient loads is typically based on the collection and analysis of grab samples. The frequency and regularity of traditional sampling may not provide representation of constituent loading, particularly in systems with flashy hydrology. At two sites in the Little Bear River, Utah, continuous, high‐frequency turbidity was used with surrogate relationships to generate estimates of total phosphorus and total suspended solids concentrations, which were paired with discharge to estimate annual loads. The high frequency records were randomly subsampled to represent hourly, daily, weekly, and monthly sampling frequencies and to examine the effects of timing, and resulting annual load estimates were compared to the reference loads. Higher frequency sampling resulted in load estimates that better approximated the reference loads. The degree of bias was greater at the more hydrologically responsive site in the upper watershed, which required a higher sampling frequency than the lower watershed site to achieve the same level of accuracy in estimating the reference load. The hour of day and day of week of sampling impacted load estimation, depending on site and hydrologic conditions. The effects of sampling frequency on the determination of compliance with a water quality criterion were also examined. These techniques can be helpful in determining necessary sampling frequency to meet the objectives of a water quality monitoring program.     

Response of Algal Biomass to Large‐Scale Nutrient Controls in the Clark Fork River,Montana, United States1

Suplee, Michael W., Vicki Watson, Walter K. Dodds, and Chris Shirley, 2012. Response of Algal Biomass to Large‐Scale Nutrient Controls in the Clark Fork River, Montana, United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 1008‐1021. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00666.x Abstract: Nutrient pollution is an ongoing concern in rivers. Although nutrient targets have been proposed for rivers, little is known about long‐term success of programs to decrease river nutrients and algal biomass. Twelve years of summer data (1998‐2009) collected along 383 km of the Clark Fork River were analyzed to ascertain whether a basin‐wide nutrient reduction program lowered ambient total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, and bottom‐attached algal biomass. Target nutrient and algal biomass levels were established for the program in 1998. Significant declines were observed in TP but not TN along the entire river. Downstream of the city of Missoula, TP declined below a literature‐derived TP saturation breakpoint and met program targets after 2005; TN was below targets since 2007. Algal biomass also declined significantly below Missoula. Trends there likely relate to the city’s wastewater facility upgrades, despite its 20% population increase. Upstream of Missoula, nutrient reductions were less substantial; still, TP and TN declined toward saturation breakpoints, but no significant reductions in algal biomass occurred, and program targets were not met. The largest P‐load reduction to the river was from a basin‐wide phosphate laundry detergent ban set 10 years before, in 1989. We document that nutrient reductions in rivers can be successful in controlling algal biomass, but require achievement of concentrations below saturation and likely close to natural background.     

水葫芦对滇池底泥氮磷营养盐释放的影响

为了探讨水葫芦对富营养湖泊底泥氮磷营养盐释放的影响,通过原位采集滇池柱状底泥,以蒸馏水为上覆水,进行了25d的室内静态模拟实验。实验比较了水葫芦处理组和空白对照组底泥氨氮（NH4-N）、硝态氮（NO3^-N）、溶解性总氮（DTN）、正磷酸盐（PO4^3--P）等的释放特征。结果表明,与对照组相比,水葫芦处理组上覆水溶解氧、pH显著性降低,而PO4^3-P浓度显著性升高;在实验前2d,水葫芦处理组上覆水NH4^＋N和DTN浓度显著性高于对照组,而在5～25d时,其显著性低于对照组。根据上覆水营养盐浓度、水葫芦植株吸收营养盐总量,推算底泥氮磷营养盐释放的平均速率,表明水葫芦加速了滇池底泥氮、磷营养盐的释放速率,处理组氮、磷释放速率分别为对照组的5．3～170．2和1．5～21．6倍。     

Factors Influencing Allelopathy and Toxicity in Prymnesium parvum1

Granéli, Edna and Paulo S. Salomon, 2010. Factors Influencing Allelopathy and Toxicity in Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):108-120. Abstract: Some microalgae are able to kill or inhibit nutrient-competing microalgae, a process called allelopathy. Inhibiting or killing competitors enable these species to monopolize limiting resources, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Prymnesium parvum is known to produce such allelopathic compounds, substances that seem identical to the ichthyotoxins identified from this species. Biotic and abiotic environmental factors influence not only growth rates but also toxin/allelopathic compounds production by P. parvum cells. Toxin production, as well as allelopathy, including grazer deterrence, increases dramatically in light, temperature, or nutrient stressed P. parvum cells. Correspondingly, toxicity and allelopathy may decrease, or cease completely, if cells are grown with high amounts of N and P in balanced proportions. However, even under nutrient (N and P) sufficient conditions, P. parvum is able to produce toxins/allelopathic compounds, with negative effects on other phytoplankton species or grazers, if cells densities of P. parvum are high relative to other species. This negative effect might shift the plankton community to more toxin resistant species. Filtrates from nutrient-deficient P. parvum cultures have almost the same strong negative effect on grazers and other phytoplankton species as when Prymnesium cells are grown together with the target organisms. Eutrophication, the increased input of N and P to aquatic ecosystems, besides increasing nutrient concentrations, is usually provoking unbalanced N:P condition for the optimal growth of phytoplankton, deviating from the Redfield ratio, i.e., the phytoplankton cellular nitrogen to phosphorus ratio, N:P = 16:1 (by atoms) or 7.2:1 (by weight). Eutrophication thus both enhances P. parvum growth and increases production of toxins and allelopathic compounds. Supplying N-deficient or P-deficient P. parvum cells with the deficient nutrient reduces toxicity to less than half within 24 h after additions. As P. parvum is mixotrophic, uptake of dissolved or particulate organic N (DON or PON) can also reduce toxicity and allelopathy in the same manner as addition of inorganic N to N-starved cells. In conclusion, P. parvum, by increasing its toxicity and allelopathic ability under poor environmental conditions, outcompetes the co-occurring phytoplankton species.     

Influence of Prey and Nutritional Status on the Rate of Nitrogen Uptake by Prymnesium parvum (haptophyte)1

Lindehoff, Elin, Edna Granéli, and Patricia M. Glibert, 2010. Influence of Prey and Nutritional Status on the Rate of Nitrogen Uptake by Prymnesium parvum (Haptophyte). Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):121-132. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00396.x Abstract: We studied how the specific nitrogen (N) uptake rates of nitrate (NO₃⁻), urea, and the amino acids, glutamic acid and glycine, by Prymnesium parvum were affected by (1) the change from N-deficient status to N-sufficient status of the P. parvum cells, (2) presence of prey from a natural Baltic Sea plankton community, and (3) the composition of prey as affected by additions of terrestrial originated dissolved organic matter (DOM) or inorganic nutrients. Nitrogen-deficient P. parvum (16 μM NO₃⁻ and 4 μM PO₄⁻, molar N:P ratio of 4:1) were mixed with a natural Baltic plankton community and given PO₄³⁻ and (1) NO₃⁻ (control) or (2) high molecular weight DOM, >1 kDa concentrated from sewage effluent (+DOM), in a molar N:P ratio of 9-10:1. With additions of ¹⁵N-enriched substrates, rates of N uptake from NO₃⁻, urea, and the amino acids glycine and glutamic acid were measured every 24 h for 72 h. Initial N-deficient P. parvum were highly toxic (3.7 ± 0.9 × 10⁻⁴ mg Sap equiv/cell) and toxic allelochemicals were released into the medium causing the natural plankton community to lyse. Rates of N uptake differed between the “control” and the “+DOM” treatments over time; total (sum of the N substrates measured) absolute uptake rates (ρ_cell, fmol N/cell/h) at ambient culture conditions were significantly higher (ANOVA, p < 0.05) in the more toxic “control” treatments compared with the “+DOM” treatments after 48 h. In the “control” treatment, the total ρ_cell increased significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.01) from time 0 to 48 h, while in the “+DOM” treatment there was no significant increase. Released organic nutrients from the lysed plankton cells may have increased uptake rates of amino acids and urea by P. parvum. All uptake rates declined in all treatments by 72 h. Total dissolved N uptake rates at ambient culture conditions were estimated to make up about 10% of the N P. parvum are potentially capable of ingesting from particulate prey.     

Impacts of Climate Variability and Land Use Alterations on Frequency Distributions of Terrestrial Runoff Loading to Coastal Waters in Southern California1

Abstract: The transport of water, sediment, dissolved and particulate chemicals, and bacteria from coastal watersheds affects the nearshore marine and estuarine waters. In southern California, coastal watersheds deliver water and associated constituents to the nearshore system in discrete pulses. To better understand the pulsed nature of these watersheds, frequency distributions of simulated runoff events are presented for: (1) three land use conditions (1929, 1998, 2050); (2) three time periods (all water years 1989‐2002), only El Nino years (1992, 1993, 1995, 1998); and only non‐El Nino years; and (3) three regions (watershed, uplands, and lowlands). At the watershed scale, there was a significant increase (>200%) in mean event runoff from 1929 to 2050 (0.4‐1.3 cm) due to localized urbanization, which shifted the dominant sources of runoff from the mountains in 1929 (78% of watershed runoff) to the coastal plane for 2050 conditions (51% of watershed runoff). Inter‐annual climate variability was strong in the rainfall and runoff frequency distributions, with mean event rainfall and runoff 66 and 60% larger in El Nino relative to non‐El Nino years. Combining urbanization and climate variability, 2050 land conditions resulted in El Nino years being five times more likely to produce large (>3.0 cm) runoff events relative to non‐El Nino years. Combining frequency distributions of event runoff with regional nutrient export relationships, we show that in El Nino years, one in five events produced runoff ≥2.5 cm and temporary nearshore nitrate and phosphate concentrations of 12 and 1.4 μM, respectively, or approximately 5‐10 times above ambient conditions.     

Land Use,Geology, Enrichment,and Stream Biota in the Eastern Ridge and Valley Ecoregion: Implications for Nutrient Criteria Development1

Abstract: The eastern panhandle region of West Virginia is entirely within the Appalachian Ridge and Valley ecoregion. It is underlain by limestone in the eastern part and by shale and sandstone in the western part. Agricultural and urban development has affected the condition of the streams of this region. We examined samples from 165 stations in the Ridge and Valley, collected from 1998 to 2004. Land use, geological characteristics, physical and chemical parameters, and algal and macroinvertebrate assemblages were used to identify potential stressors that affect streams in the region. Our analyses indicated that both human land uses and ecoregional differences led to elevated nutrient concentrations in streams of the study areas. Multiple regression analyses indicated that both agricultural and urban land use in the watershed were associated with high nutrient concentrations (NO₂₊₃, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus) in streams. These elevated nutrient concentrations have led to increased algal biomass, increased trophic state, and degradation of macroinvertebrate community in the streams. Values of the West Virginia Stream Condition Index, as well as several other benthic macroinvertebrate metrics, decreased with increased nutrient concentrations and conductivity, especially in the limestone region. When regional differences were partitioned out in the analysis, nutrient concentrations became the strongest stressor in the limestone region while conductivity exhibited less of an effect on macroinvertebrate metrics. Meanwhile, periphyton diagnostic metrics also responded to increased nutrient concentrations, suggesting nutrients could be a cause of biological degradation in the Eastern Ridge and Valley region. Multiple approaches and multiple lines of evidence (reference approach and stressor‐response approach) were applied to develop nutrient benchmarks for different geological regions in the study watershed.     

聚乙烯微塑料对土壤养分和酶活性的影响

微塑料污染对土壤生态系统的威胁引起了广泛关注.为了明确聚乙烯微塑料对土壤性质的影响,通过为期4个月的土壤培养试验,探究不同质量分数（1 %、2.5 %、5 %）和粒径（30目、100目）聚乙烯微塑料对土壤化学性质、养分含量和酶活性的影响.结果表明:①100目2.5 %和5 %微塑料处理显著降低了土壤pH,不同质量分数和粒径聚乙烯微塑料添加对土壤电导率影响不显著.②相比于CK,添加微塑料会不同程度降低土壤速效钾、有效磷和硝态氮含量.添加100目微塑料显著增加了土壤有机质和铵态氮含量.③当微塑料粒径为100目时,相比于CK,不同质量分数处理均显著提高了土壤过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,5 %处理显著降低了土壤蔗糖酶活性.④土壤性质的变化受微塑料质量分数和粒径影响,质量分数越高、粒径越小,影响越显著.综上,聚乙烯微塑料对土壤性质的影响没有预期的明显,未来研究应重点关注不同影响所涉及的机制问题.     

不同形态氮添加对多年生高寒栽培草地土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响

探究不同氮素形态对多年生高寒栽培草地土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响,以期为制定多年生高寒栽培草地氮添加方案提供科学依据.于2022年6月,在青海省海南藏族自治州共和县巴卡台农牧场以建植4龄的青海草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis Qinghai）+青海中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis Qinghai）混播草地为研究对象,以不施肥为对照（CK）,设置3个不同形态氮素处理,分别为U:尿素（酰胺态氮）、A:硫酸铵（铵态氮）和N:硝酸钙（硝态氮）,各处理的氮素施用量均为67.5 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,对不同处理下土壤养分和微生物群落组成及多样性进行分析.结果表明,外源铵态氮输入显著提高了NH₄ ⁺-N含量、AP含量和EC,酰胺态氮输入显著提高了SOC含量和TN含量,硝态氮输入显著提高了NO₃ ^--N含量、AN含量和TC含量.外源氮输入改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落结构以及优势菌门和属的相对丰度,但对细菌和真菌群落的Alpha多样性没有显著影响.主坐标分析（PCoA）表明,不同形态氮添加对细菌群落的Beta多样性具有显著影响,而对真菌群落影响不显著.冗余分析（RDA）表明,氮添加主要通过土壤铵态氮来改变微生物群落组成和结构.综合而言,在青藏高原多年生栽培草地土壤修复过程中,应优先考虑铵态氮肥.     

SLUDGE APPLICATION EFFECTS ON RUNOFF,INFILTRATION, AND WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Land application of sewage sludge requires careful monitoring because of its potential for contamination of surface water and ground water. A rainfall simulator was used the investigate the effects of freshly applied sludge on infiltration, and on runoff of sediment and nutrients from agricultural crop lands. Rain was applied to 16 experimental field plots. A three-run sequence was used to simulate different initial moisture conditions. Runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses were monitored at the base of each plot during the simulated rainfall events. Sludge was surface applied and incorporated at conventionally-tilled plots and surface applied at no-till plots, at rates of 0, 75, 150 kg-N/ha. Steady-state infiltrability increased as a result of sludge application, although the no-till practice was more effective in increasing the infiltrability than the sludge application. No-till practices greatly reduced runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from the sludge treated plots, relative to the conventional tillage practices. Incorporation of the sludge was effective in reducing nutrient yields at the conventionally-tilled plots. This effect was more pronounced during the third rainstorm, with wet initial conditions. Peak loadings of nutrients appeared during the rainstorm with wet initial conditions.