蓄水期三峡水库香溪河沉积物-水系统营养盐分布特征

为研究蓄水期香溪河沉积物-水系统中氮磷营养盐的分布特征,于2016年在香溪河布点采样,分析沉积物-水系统氮、磷及有机质含量,探讨沉积物间隙水和上覆水营养盐"源-汇"特征,并对采样点位进行了聚类分析.结果表明,沉积物中ρ(TN)在河口处含量较高,在中下游区域较接近;ρ(TP)在上游区域明显高于中下游及河口;ρ(O.M.)呈现下游高上游低的分布特征,且各采样点在深度10cm的范围内,ρ(O.M.)的最大值超过了临界点(1.5%),存在一定的释放风险.上覆水的分布上,ρ(DTN)和ρ(DTP)均在干支流交汇处最大,且ρ(DTN)从河口至上游沿程递减,ρ(DTP)沿程变化不大,而间隙水中ρ(DTN)和ρ(DTP)的分布和上覆水体相反,在上游处最大,并从上游向河口处递减.研究期间5个采样点位的DTN、NH_4~+-N、DTP(除CJ点位外)均以"源"的方式向上覆水释放营养盐,而NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P则是一部分点位呈现为"源",一部分点位呈现为"汇",且氮素的"源-汇"过程较磷素更为强烈,这是因为蓄水期底部的氧化环境和干流水体的倒灌潜入深度和方式差异所致.结合聚类分析结果发现对于沉积物-水系统,CJ、1号、2号采样点特征相近,而3号和4号采样点特征相近.     

巢湖水体氮磷营养盐时空分布特征

在不同汛期对巢湖水体进行了网格化样品采集,研究了巢湖水体中氮磷营养盐的含量与时空分布规律,确定了巢湖水体的主要污染因子.结果表明,巢湖入湖河流中TP、TN和NO-3-N指标均超过了Ⅴ类水标准,南淝河和十五里河中TP、TN、NH+4-N和NO-3-N表现出丰水期低于平水期、枯水期的季节性变化特征,在其他河流则呈现出丰水期高于枯水期、平水期的特征;巢湖湖体氮磷营养盐浓度的分布存在时空差异,西部湖区中氮磷营养盐含量远高于东部湖区;TP、TN和NH+4-N表现出在枯水期高于平水期和丰水期的变化特征,而NO-3-N在丰水期的含量较高;巢湖水体的主要污染因子为TN和NH+4-N,这些污染物从西往东质量浓度不断减少.     

望虞河西岸河网区沉积物营养盐和重金属污染时空分布特征

以无锡市望虞河西岸河网区为研究区域,于2018年12月—2019年9月分冬、春、夏、秋4个季节采集了上覆水和沉积物样本,研究氮磷营养因子在沉积物-上覆水界面的释放规律,探究主要水质指标、沉积物氮磷和重金属含量的时空分布特征。结果表明:研究区域内的水质状况不佳,主要是氮含量超标,污染严重的点位集中在人类活动较为密集的市区和工业区;受上覆水氮磷浓度、溶解氧浓度等变化的影响,沉积物营养盐含量季节变化明显,污染状况较为严重,75%的点位属于中度和重度污染;沉积物重金属含量季节变化不显著,部分重金属的空间分布特征相似,污染程度排序为Zn>Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>As。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型植被下土壤呼吸季节变化特征与影响因素

运用红外气体分析仪测定了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型植被下土壤呼吸,分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤呼吸与土壤温度、水分和土壤养分的关系.结果表明,不同植被下土壤呼吸季节变化特征区别明显,主要受水分和温度的影响.裸地、农地、苜蓿地、柠条地、撂荒地、长芒草地、荒草地、退化苜蓿地、坡地苜蓿地、坡地撂荒地、坡地农地、梯田农地的土壤呼吸季节变化范围分别为0.32～0.82、0.41～2.83、0.74～2.81、0.76～3.07、0.67～2.79、0.51～2.12、0.56～2.05、0.59～1.66、0.42～2.09、0.31～1.86、0.32～1.93和0.41～3.17μmol.(m2.s)-1,土壤呼吸速率的季节变化幅度以农地(167%～203%)最大,依次为撂荒地(117%～154%)、柠条地(134%)、长芒草地(129%)、苜蓿地(119%～120%)、裸地(94%),最小是退化苜蓿地(92%).裸地和退化苜蓿地的土壤呼吸季节变化幅度不大,苜蓿地和柠条地月平均土壤呼吸强度显著高于其他土地利用方式,农地在7、8月土壤呼吸强度显著高于其它土地利用方式,且其温度敏感性(Q10)也最大,达1.86.不同植被下,土壤呼吸和土壤有机质及速效钾含量呈显著正相关关系,有机质和全氮主要在水热条件好的7、8月影响土壤呼吸,而在温度与水分条件不优越的条件下,土壤铵态氮的含量与土壤呼吸强度呈负相关.     

鹤地水库沉积物营养盐及重金属分布和污染特征分析

为揭示鹤地水库沉积物营养盐及重金属分布和污染特征,对水库代表性区域柱状沉积物样品营养盐及重金属含量进行测定,在此基础上综合分析了水库沉积物营养盐及重金属空间分布特征、磷形态组成及其对水质的潜在影响,并对表层沉积物重金属进行了潜在生态危害评价.鹤地水库3个样点沉积物总氮(TN)含量在2.314～2.427 mg.g-1之间,其含量大小顺序为:湖泊区>过渡区>河流区,总磷(TP)含量在0.591～0.760 mg.g-1之间,其含量大小顺序为:过渡区>湖泊区>河流区;重金属(Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg)平均含量分别为31.094、46.85、75.615、385.739、0.624和0.171 mg.kg-1,除Cr外,湖泊区重金属含量均高于过渡区.垂直剖面上,沉积物营养盐及重金属含量总体上均表现出表层富集的特征.鹤地水库沉积物磷形态以无机磷(IP)为主,IP又以铁铝结合态的NaOH-P为主,NaOH-P含量占到IP含量的80%以上,磷组成特点表明其具有较强的潜在释放能力.潜在生态危害评价中,以工业化前沉积物最高背景值为参比的评价结果表明单种重金属基本属于轻微到中度污染,综合生态危害指数(RI)表明鹤地水库沉积物尚处于轻微生态危害程度;而以广东省土壤元素背景值为参比的评价表明重金属Cd和Hg均已达到强到极强污染程度,其余重金属则处于轻微污染水平,沉积物重金属综合RI值达到强到较强危害程度,这与该地区红壤中Cd和Hg的环境背景值较低有关,尽管2种参比评价结果有所不同,但均表明重金属Cd和Hg污染较其他重金属严重,对RI值的贡献最大.     

基于最小数据集的成都平原某区土壤养分综合评价体系的构建

成都平原是我国重要的粮食、蔬菜、水果产地,进行土壤养分综合评价有利于了解区域土壤养分空间分布、丰缺程度,对区内土地的合理利用、养分变化监测具有重要作用.为此,本文基于土壤地球化学数据,通过相关分析、主成分分析、Norm值计算,构建了研究区土壤养分综合评价的最小数据集(MDS),并对比了国内16个MDS土壤养分评价体系....     

秸秆直接还田和炭化还田对红壤酸度、养分和交换性能的动态影响

为比较秸秆直接还田和炭化还田对亚热带典型红壤酸度、养分及交换性能的动态影响,试验以水稻和油菜秸秆为材料,设置7个盆栽处理:空白(CK)、水稻秸秆直接还田(R1B0)、水稻秸秆350℃炭化还田(R1B1)、水稻秸秆550℃炭化还田(R1B2)、油菜秸秆直接还田(R2B0)、油菜秸秆350℃炭化还田(R2B1)和油菜秸秆550℃炭化还田(R2B2),秸秆按1%和相应的生物质炭施入土壤,进行水稻培育试验.在水稻秧苗期、分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期这4个时期采集土壤,分析土壤酸度、养分和交换性能的动态变化.结果表明,红壤pH、 NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N含量随生长期呈现减小的趋势,而有机质、CEC和各交换性盐基离子呈现增加的趋势.秸秆直接还田和炭化还田均提高土壤pH,降低交换性酸总量,同时提高有机质含量及交换性能,且作用效果随生长期增大.成熟期时秸秆炭化还田对各项指标的作用效果均好于秸秆直接还田,秸秆原料和炭化温度对各项土壤性质的影响不同,油菜秸秆生物质炭在提高土壤pH、有机质和CEC含量方面略好于水稻秸秆生物质...     

IMPACTS ON GROUNDWATER DUE TO LAND APPLICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE1

The project was designed to demonstrate the potential benefits of utilizing sewage sludge as a soil conditioner and fertilizer on Sassafras sandy loam soil. Aerobically digested, liquid sewage sludge was applied to the soil at rates of 0, 22.4, and 44.8 Mg of dry solids/ha for three consecutive years between 1978 and 1981. Groundwater, soil, and crop contamination levels were monitored to establish the maximum sewage solids loading rate that could be applied without causing environmental deterioration. The results indicate that application of 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha of sludge is the upper limit to ensure protection of the groundwater quality on the site studied. Application rates at or slightly below 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha are sufficient for providing plant nutrients for the dent corn and rye cropping system utilized in the study.     

CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF QUAL-II TO THE LOWER WINOOSKI RIVER1

ABSTRACT: A modified version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's QUAL-II water quality simulation model is calibrated and applied to the Lower Winooski River, Vermont. The river flows through the metropolitan Burlington area and is impacted by several industrial and municipal point sources and by operation of hydropower facilities. Several structural modifications are made in the model to improve water quality simulations in rivers impacted by algal growth; these include the addition of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus compartments and provision for algal uptake of ammonia and/or nitrate nitrogen. The model is interfaced with statistical programs which facilitate tabulation, display, and analysis of observed and predicted concentrations. The model is calibrated and tested against data from two intensive water quality surveys. Applications demonstrate the factors controlling water quality and sensitivities to point source waste management strategies and flow, as influenced by hydropower operations.     

Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter On the Bio-Availability and Toxicity of Metals in Soils and Aquatic Systems

Cations in soil are essential for the growth of plants and micro-organisms. Their availability is dependent on soil organic matter. Soil organic matter (SOM) is heterogeneous comprising amino, aliphatic and phenolic acids, but particularly humic substances. All these substances can complex cations selectively. Mechanisms of complexation with dissolved organic matter are discussed. Such complexation can lead to the apparently contradictory observations that dissolved organic matter (DOM) can either increase the concentration of some less soluble nutrients, making them more available for plant uptake, or make them less available and hence less toxic. the importance of DOM is discussed in relation to soil solution, particularly the rhizosphere, and also in relation to aquatic systems. the latter systems contain mainly dissolved humic substances whereas in the soil, non-humic substances assume a greater importance.

SOM in the rhizosphere is derived from plant, microbial and animal remains but much, especially the water-soluble compounds, are acquired through root exudation. Exudation has important consequences for enhanced nutrient availability as a result of the production of non-humic substances such as amino, aliphatic and phenolic acids. in future, the role of root exudation in relation to DOM and nutrient availability should be investigated more fully, particularly as predicted elevated CO₂ levels are likely to have a major impact on root exudation, nutrient availability, and possibly ecosystem community structure and functioning. It is likely that more information will become available on aquatic systems as more highly sensitive techniques and equipment capable of dealing with low concentrations of DOM in these systems become available.