应用模糊数学法综合评价营口石门水库水质级别

应用模糊数学法综合了5项主要污染指标评价了2008-2012年营口石门水库的水质级别,改变了仅凭单因子评价水质级别的方法,评价更合理,更符合实际情况。     

实时合成水滑石分离模拟放射性核素锶的研究

采用实时合成水滑石的方法从高放废液中分离模拟放射性核素锶,通过单因素实验并借助XRD分析确定了最佳分离实验条件,同时,运用FTIR、SEM等技术手段对合成的含锶水滑石的结构、形貌进行了分析.结果表明,当Sr2+初始浓度为70mg.L-1、pH值为10.5、n(Mg+Sr)/n(Al)为3时,锶的去除率最高可达95%以上;XRD和SEM分析结果表明,锶嵌入了水滑石的晶格中,合成的含锶水滑石形貌为层状六边形;含锶水滑石煅烧产物主要为尖晶石,且煅烧产物中未见氧化锶,表明嵌入到水滑石晶格中的锶在煅烧后存在于尖晶石的晶体结构中.     

Effect of humic acids on physicochemical property and Cd(II) sorption of multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Zinc pyrithione is used as an antifouling agent. However, the environmental impacts of zinc pyrithione have recently been of concern. Zinc induces diverse actions during oxidative stress; therefore, we examined the effect of zinc pyrithione on rat thymocytes suffering from oxidative stress using appropriate fluorescent probes. The cytotoxicity of zinc pyrithione was not observed when the cells were incubated with 3 μM zinc pyrithione for 3 h. However, zinc pyrithione at nanomolar concentrations (10 nM or more) significantly increased the lethality of cells suffering from oxidative stress induced by 3 mM H₂O₂. The application of zinc pyrithione alone at nanomolar concentrations increased intracellular Zn²⁺ level and the cellular content of superoxide anions, and decreased the cellular content of nonprotein thiols. The simultaneous application of nanomolar zinc pyrithione and micromolar H₂O₂ synergistically increased the intracellular Zn²⁺ level. Therefore, zinc pyrithione at nanomolar concentrations may exert severe cytotoxic action on cells simultaneously exposed to chemicals that induce oxidative stress. If so, zinc pyrithione leaked from antifouling materials into surrounding environments would be a risk factor for aquatic ecosystems. Alternatively, zinc pyrithione under conditions of oxidative stress may become more potent antifouling ingredient.     

Baseline soil levels of PCDD/Fs established prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators in China

In order to determine the baseline contamination by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in different areas in China, prior to the construction of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs), a total of 32 representative soil samples was collected near 16 incinerators and analyzed for their PCDD/F concentrations. The PCDD/F baseline concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 0.32 to 11.4 ng I-TEQ kg⁻¹ (dry matter), with average and median value of 2.73 and 2.24 ng I-TEQ kg⁻¹ (dry matter), respectively, and a span between maximum and minimum recorded value of 36. The PCDD homologues predominated in 26 out of 32 soil samples, with the ratio (PCDDs)/(PCDFs) ranging from 1.1 to 164; however in the other 6 samples, PCDF homologues were larger, with the same ratio varying from 0.04 to 0.8. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to examine PCDD/F amount and profile in these soil samples, and their possible associations with known emission sources: in this process 6 really distinct isomer fingerprints were identified. Background PCDD/F levels and profiles were comparable to those found in soils from China and other countries and indicate a rather low baseline PCDD/F contamination of soils. The present data provide the tools for future assessment of a possible impact of these MSWIs.     

Estimating pesticide runoff in small streams

Surface runoff is one of the most important pathways for pesticides to enter surface waters. Mathematical models are employed to characterize its spatio-temporal variability within landscapes, but they must be simple owing to the limited availability and low resolution of data at this scale. This study aimed to validate a simplified spatially-explicit model that is developed for the regional scale to calculate the runoff potential (RP). The RP is a generic indicator of the magnitude of pesticide inputs into streams via runoff. The underlying runoff model considers key environmental factors affecting runoff (precipitation, topography, land use, and soil characteristics), but predicts losses of a generic substance instead of any one pesticide. We predicted and evaluated RP for 20 small streams. RP input data were extracted from governmental databases. Pesticide measurements from a triennial study were used for validation. Measured pesticide concentrations were standardized by the applied mass per catchment and the water solubility of the relevant compounds. The maximum standardized concentration per site and year (runoff loss, R_Loss) provided a generalized measure of observed pesticide inputs into the streams. Average RP explained 75% (p < 0.001) of the variance in R_Loss. Our results imply that the generic indicator can give an adequate estimate of runoff inputs into small streams, wherever data of similar resolution are available. Therefore, we suggest RP for a first quick and cost-effective location of potential runoff hot spots at the landscape level.     

南运河重金属污染状况及生态风险评价

采集南运河的水样和沉积物样品,对其重金属污染状况和生态风险进行了分析评价。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对水、沉积物中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)、铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)浓度进行分析。结果显示南运河水样中这5种重金属浓度均低于地表水环境质量标准I类水质标准,虽然运河上游沉积物中As和Cd浓度较高,但沉积物中重金属浓度总体上均处于较低水平。地累积指数法计算显示:As和Cd在部分河段达到重度和中度污染水平,Cu、Cr、Pb均处于无污染水平。各种重金属的潜在生态风险指数(Eir)从大到小的顺序为:CdAsCuPbCr,与地累积指数法结果相似。南运河总的潜在生态风险指数(RI)均值为128.85,潜在生态风险程度为"中",沉积物中Cd和As是南运河需要优先控制的重金属污染物。     

Quantitative analysis of riparian herbaceous community in Liaohe River Conservation Area and its tributaries北大核心CSCD

Research on community characteristics of riparian herbs is an important scientific basis of riparian vegetation rehabilitation. This study aimed to investigate the species diversity and quantitative characteristics of riparian herbs in Liaohe River Conservation Area and its tributaries. Herbaceous communities were investigated by sample line method. Group average clustering analysis and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) were used to find the major environmental factors affecting the distribution pattern of riparian herbaceous communities. The result showed altogether 154 herbaceous species, belonging to 40 families and 96 genera. The riparian herbaceous species diversity was found to be correlated to river slope, sinuosity and stream order, being lower in rivers of mountain area than in rivers of plain area, and higher in tributaries than in Liaohe River Conservation Area. Clustering analysis classified the herbaceous communities into 23 types, being dominated by hygrophytes including communities of Echinochloa crusgalli, Oenanthe javanica, Polygonum hydropiper, Murdannia keisak, Artemisia selengensis, Scirpus triqueter, Heleocharis soloniensis, Pycreus sanguinolentus, Cyperus fuscus, Phragmites australis, Polygonum amphibium, Carex diandra + Artemisia selengensis and Carex diandra + Rorippa islandica. Correlation analysis between DCA ordination axes and environmental factors showed that the altitude, river slope, sinuosity and stream level were the major environmental factors affecting the distribution pattern of herbaceous communities in the riparian zone of Liaohe River Conservation Area and its tributaries. The results of CCA showed that the contribution ratio of stream level was the highest, followed by altitude and slope, with sinuosity the last. The results suggested that riparian herbaceous characteristics are affected by the comprehensive force of altitude, river slope, sinuosity and stream order, and that Calamagrostis epigeios, Triarrhena sacchariflora and Phragmites australis are suitable species for riparian vegetation rehabilitation.     

太湖草型湖区沉积物再悬浮对水体营养盐的影响

再悬浮过程中沉积物对水体营养盐的内源贡献是湖泊,特别是浅水湖泊富营养化研究中的重要问题.采用原位沉积物柱样和原状上覆水的Y型扰动装置,被用来研究常规风情下太湖草型湖区沉积物的再悬浮和沉降过程对水体营养盐负荷的影响.结果表明,小风和中风的再悬浮过程导致水体氨氮和磷酸根磷含量显著下降,单位面积水柱含量最大变化量分别为-0.140 g·m-2和-1.59 mg·m-2;大风条件下,水体氨氮含量下降幅度很小,磷酸盐则出现明显增加趋势,最大增量为0.81mg·m-2.再悬浮过程之后的沉降过程中,中、小风条件的水体氨氮含量变小,大风条件的含量没有明显变化.磷酸根磷含量在中、小风条件下与风浪前差别较小,大风条件的含量则明显增大,最大增量为1.36 mg·m-2.因此,沉积物的再悬浮过程和沉降过程对上覆水体的营养盐动态负荷都产生重要影响.与太湖无植被湖区的研究结果对比说明,水生植物的存在对风浪作用下沉积物与上覆水的物质交换有一定的抑制作用.     

长期棉花连作对北疆棉区土壤生物活性与酶学性状的影响

以长期连作棉田为研究对象,通过对5-15年连作棉田土壤理化性质和生物学性状的测定,揭示北疆长期连作对土壤主要肥力性质、土壤酶活性、微生物量碳氮以及土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：长期棉花（Gossypium spp）连作对土壤肥力性状影响显著,表层土壤（0-20cm）肥力明显高于亚表层（20-40cm）。长期棉花连作对土壤酶活性、微生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸等生物活性有显著影响,脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶均随棉花连作年限增加而下降,棉花/苜蓿（Medicago sativa Linn）轮作（CtR-AR）处理各酶酶活性均高于棉花连作处理。微生物量碳（MBC）随棉花连作年限逐渐下降,而微生物量氮（MBN）随不同棉花连作年限并无一致性变化。不同棉花连作年限处理之间的呼吸商（q（CO2））有很大的差异,15年棉花连作非病区（CtN15）土壤呼吸商最高为19.00g？mg-1？h-1,CtR-AR处理的呼吸商最低为13.64g？mg-1？h-1。土壤微生物商随棉花连作年限延长呈现下降趋势,CtN15处理出现最低值,为0.81%。随棉花连作年限增加,土壤微生物活性降低,不利于土壤健康持续利用。     

太湖流域农村生活污水产排污系数测算

选取太湖流域典型地区9户农户(高、中、低收入水平各3户)作为研究对象,采用现场监测及入户调查的方法对农户生活污水各类污染物产排污系数进行系统定量研究。结果表明,收入水平对农户总生活污水中TN、NH4+-N、TP产污系数无显著影响,但对污水量、COD产污系数及总生活污水中各类污染物排污系数影响显著,均表现为高收入农户中收入农户低收入农户。厕所污水对污水污染总负荷贡献率极高,COD占67%以上,TN、NH4+-N、TP占84%以上,因此,厕所污水的利用与处理率是影响污染物排污系数的主导因素,而农业收入水平及化粪池类型则对这2种因素影响显著。