上海崇明岛蔬菜地土壤重金属含量与生态风险预警评估

崇明3城镇蔬菜地土壤重金属的总体含量为Cu 29.2 mg·kg^-1、Pb 26.5 mg·kg^-1、Cr 79.4 mg·kg^-1、Zn 91.2 mg·kg^-1和Cd 0.222 mg·kg^-1.除Cd在城桥镇和陈家镇超过国家土壤一级标准(GB 15618-1995)外,其余均低于国家土壤一级标准,并且满足国家对绿色食品产地土壤重金属含量的要求(NY/T391-2000).与上海土壤背景值相比,Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn和Cd分别高出上海土壤背景值 24.3％、24.4％、22.9％、18.8％和65.7％.崇明3城镇蔬菜地土壤重金属生态风险预警评估得出,23个采样点中有3个样点属于中警,10个样点属于轻警,8个样点属于预警,1个样点属于无警,综合评估I_{ER＝1.562,为轻警.3城镇生态风险排序为堡镇（IER=1.799）>城桥镇（IER=1.636）>陈家镇（IER=1.368）,均属于轻警.}     

珠江三角洲典型区域农业土壤中多环芳烃的含量分布特征及其污染来源

2002-10～2005-11采集珠江三角洲典型区域（东莞市、惠州市、中山市、珠海市和佛山市顺德区）的农业土壤表层样品260个,运用气相色谱-质谱方法对美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行分析测定.结果显示,研究区农业土壤中16种PAHs含量范围在3.3～4 079.0 ng·g^-1,平均含量244.2 ng·g^-1,以3环和4环的PAHs为主;中心城区土壤中PAHs含量高于远郊区,菜地>水稻田>香蕉地>旱坡地果园地>甘蔗地.依据荧蒽/芘及2+3环与4环以上PAHs化合物分布特点,表明该区域农业土壤中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料的不完全燃烧.通过与国内外土壤中PAHs含量的对比,研究区的农业土壤受到一定程度的PAHs污染,含量处于中等水平.     

Biogenic volatile organic compounds as a potential stimulator for organic contaminant degradation by soil microorganisms

The effects of monoterpenes on the degradation of ¹⁴C-2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) were investigated in soils collected from areas surrounding monoterpene and non-monoterpene-emitting vegetation. Indigenous microorganisms degraded ¹⁴C-2,4-DCP to ¹⁴CO₂, after 1 d contact time. Degradation was enhanced by prior exposure of the soils to 2,4-DCP for 32 d, increasing extents of mineralisation up to 60%. Monoterpene amendments further enhanced 2,4-DCP degradation, but only following pre-exposure to both 2,4-DCP and monoterpene, with total 2,4-DCP mineralisation extents of up to 71%. Degradation was greatest at the higher monoterpene concentrations (≥1 μg kg⁻¹). Total mineralisation extents were similar between concentrations, but higher than the control and the 0.1 μg kg⁻¹ amendment, indicating that increases in monoterpene concentration has a diminishing enhancing effect. We suggest that monoterpenes can stimulate the biodegradation of 2,4-DCP by indigenous soil microorganisms and that monoterpene amendment in soils is an effective strategy for removing organic contaminants.     

农地流转中的农民意愿和政府角色——以重庆市江北区统筹城乡改革和发展试验区为例

土地流转进行与否和方案的制定首先要考虑的是农户意愿,政府在土地流转中的行为和角色也要建立在农户流转意愿的基础上.了解农户土地流转的意愿,并在此基础上分析政府在土地流转中的作用对于指导土地流转的顺利进行具有十分重要的作用.因此,本研究采取随机抽样和典型调查相结合的方式分析了农户的土地流转意愿及影响因素,并通过对比"双溪农户"和"一般农户"土地流转现状和农民对政府土地流转工作的了解情况,分析了政府在农地流转中的角色问题.结果表明:农民的土地流转意愿十分强烈.外出务工人员比例是农户转出土地的首要直接因素;收入总数和结构与土地流转意愿互为因果关系;农户愿意转出耕地,而不愿意转出园地;受教育水平高的农户愿意转入土地,可能发展为农业经营大户.无论是已经大规模发生土地流转的村庄还是尚未大规模发生流转的村庄,农民对于土地流转的目的、意义以及方式等基本信息都不是很了解.因此,政府在土地流转中要适度引导和监督,不能过度干预农民的意愿和行为.     

Impact of chemical oxidation on soil quality

Oxidation treatment helps to reduce the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) load in contaminated soils but it may also have an effect on the soil quality. The impact of permanganate and Fenton oxidation on soil quality is investigated. Soil quality is restricted here to the potential for plant growth. Soil samples were collected from an agricultural field (S1) and a former coking plant (S4). Agricultural soil was spiked with phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) at two concentrations (S2: 700 mg PHE kg⁻¹, S3: 700 mg PHE kg⁻¹ and 2100 mg PYR kg⁻¹). Soils were treated with both oxidation processes, and analyzed for PAHs and a set of agronomic parameters. A plant germination and growth test was run with rye-grass on treated soils. Results showed that both treatments produced the expected reduction of PAH concentration (from 64% to 97%). Besides, a significant loss of organic C and N, and strong changes in available nutrients were observed. Permanganate treatment increased the specific surface area and the cation exchange capacity in relation to manganese dioxide precipitation, and produced a rise in pH. Fenton oxidation decreased soil pH and increased the water retention capacity. Plant growth was negatively affected by permanganate, related to lower soil permeability and aeration. Both treatments had an effect on soil properties but Fenton oxidation appeared to be more compatible with revegetation.     

Monitoring heavy metal concentrations in leachates from a forest soil subjected to repeated applications of sewage sludge

The aim of the study was to establish whether the repeated application of sewage sludge to an acid forest soil (Dystric Cambisol) would lead to short-term groundwater contamination. Sludge was applied at four loading rates (0, 2.4, 17 and 60 Mg ha⁻¹) in two consecutive years and leachates were analysed. Heavy metal inputs to soils at the lowest dose were below EC regulations but, at higher doses, limits for Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni were exceeded. Repeated application of sludge at 60 Mg ha⁻¹ resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni in the leachates than with other treatments. The drinking water standards for Cd and Ni were surpassed in all treatments. Control plots were contaminated by groundwater flow despite the existence of buffer zones between plots. This complicated interpretation of the results, highlighting the importance of careful design of this type of experiment.     

Sequential sorption of lead and cadmium in three tropical soils

It is important to examine mechanisms of Pb and Cd sorption in soils to understand their bioavailability. The ability of three tropical soils to retain Pb, Cd, and Ca was evaluated. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the extent to which soil sorption sites are metal specific, (2) investigate the nature of reactions between metals and soil surfaces, and (3) identify how metals compete for sorption sites when they are introduced to soils sequentially or concurrently. Lead was shown to be much less exchangeable than Cd and inhibited Cd sorption. Cadmium had little effect on Pb sorption, though both Ca and Cd inhibited the adsorption of Pb at exchange sites. Lead appears to more readily undergo inner-sphere surface complexation with soil surface functional groups than either Cd or Ca. Thus, regardless of when Pb is introduced to a soil, it should be less labile than Cd.     

基于景观格局视角的土地整治对农地细碎化影响评价研究

以江西省宜丰县土地整治项目区为例,选择斑块类型、景观类型、廊道特征3类景观格局指数,从景观格局视角定量评价土地整治对农地细碎化的影响。研究表明:(1)水田的斑块密度由8.916 1个/hm~2下降至8.423 4个/hm~2,平均斑块面积由0.075 1 hm~2提升至0.076 9 hm~2,边缘密度由1 203.431 8降低至1 127.134 7,面积加权的平均形状因子由1.238 6下降至1.216 3,最大斑块指数由0.17%上升至0.18%,景观格局指数均得到不同程度改善;但旱地除面积加权的平均形状因子以外,其他指标均表明旱地趋于细碎化。(2)土地整治导致项目区破碎化程度加剧,斑块数量由3 530个提升至4 175个,平均斑块面积由0.070 6 hm~2增加至0.059 7 hm~2,面积加权平均形状因子由1.672 3增加至1.816 0,最大斑块指数由2.06%降低至2.01%。(3)土地整治优化了农村道理和沟渠布局,廊道特征指数均有不同程度改善。但农村道路和沟渠的修建割裂了斑块,是导致项目区破碎化程度加剧的主要原因。因此,在土地整治规划设计中需要注重旱地、农村道路、沟渠的景观格局设计,达到有效治理农地细碎化和提高土地整治景观生态效益的目的。     

An integrated ecosystem service assessment in an artificial desert oasis of northwestern China

Spatially explicit integrated assessment of ecosystem services is a new and important research field in landscape ecology. The objective of this paper was to develop an integrated process-based modeling method to simulate changes in multiple ecosystem services in 2000–2009 at pixel and regional scales in the Zhangye oasis of northwestern China. Six ecosystem service indicators were selected and quantified using process-based models, including net primary production (NPP), grain production, net oxygen production (NOP), carbon sequestration (CS), water conservation, and soil conservation. Analytical results were as follows: (1) At the oasis scale, NPP, NOP, CS, water conservation, and soil conservation decreased from 2000 to 2009, whereas grain production increased. (2) At the pixel scale, the spatial changes in NPP were similar to those in NOP and CS, but changes in grain production showed the opposite pattern. Water conservation and soil conservation showed somewhat unintuitive spatial patterns. (3) The impact of land-use forms on ecosystem services showed that grazing and township construction both had negative impacts on all services, but that nature conservation and wetland development had positive impacts on all services. This research showed that the integrated modeling can be proposed as an environmental decision-making tool in similar case studies.     

云南省会泽县农田土壤中全氟化合物污染特征研究

为探究云南省会泽县农田土壤中全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)的污染特征及其潜在来源,2015年6月采集云南省会泽县农田土壤42份,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(HPLC-MS/MS)分析了11种PFCs的含量水平。结果表明,云南省会泽县农田土壤中全氟己酸(perfluorohexanoic acid,PFHx A)、全氟庚酸(perfluoroheptanoic acid,PFHp A)和全氟己烷磺酸(perfluorohexane sulfonate,PFHx S)均未检出,其余8种PFCs(ΣPFCs)的平均含量水平为0.392 ng·g-1,含量范围为0.298~0.998ng·g-1。全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)是最主要的PFCs,相对百分含量范围为45.93%~81.86%,其平均含量水平分别为0.116 ng·g-1和0.120 ng·g-1。与国内其他地区土壤中PFCs的含量水平相比,云南省会泽县农田土壤中PFCs含量水平低于上海,与广州、深圳、东莞、安徽、中国东部农村等地区土壤中PFCs的含量相当。主成分分析结果表明,以全氟癸酸(perfluorodecanoic acid,PFDA)、全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟十三酸(perfluorotridecanoic acid,PFTr DA)为主要标志物的2个主成分可以解释云南省会泽县农田土壤中73%的ΣPFCs。工业活动、大气沉降及长距离传输为云南省会泽县农田土壤中PFCs的主要来源。