林地生态用水亏缺的经济损失估算研究

以植被微观用水过程为核心,提出林地生态用水可划分为生理消耗性用水、生态消耗性用水和非消耗性用水.探讨了林地生态系统生态用水亏缺的生态效应,并基于绿色植物的光合作用机理和生态服务功能理论,界定了林地生态用水亏缺的损失内容,构建了林地生态系统生态用水亏缺的损失估算方法.以我国北方生态环境用水亏缺的典型地域--黄淮海地区为例进行了实例研究,结果表明,黄淮海地区由林地生态系统生态用水亏缺导致的经济损失约为99.115×108元·a-1,生态用水亏缺的经济损失率达到3.53元·m-3,远高于黄淮海地区单位国民经济用水量收益率、单位农业用水收益率和单位工业用水收益.     

黄土丘陵“梯田退耕”生态重建及地域分异特征

基于黄土丘陵区过去10年科技攻关成果及延安燕沟流域示范成功经验,在总结“梯田退耕”生态重建模式特点的基础上,根据土地利用、坡耕地和1999年农业人口数据计算了各县(市、区)需新修梯田、园地扩建、林草植被恢复的面积及投资需求额度。通过构建并采用基本农田扩建指数、园地扩建指数、林草植被恢复指数以及投资需求密度等指标对55个县(市、区)进行了类型划分和地域分异特征分析。结果表明:黄土丘陵区需新修梯田面积69.16×104hm₂,新扩建经济林果园地面积79.2×104hm₂,林草植被恢复面积541.02×104hm₂,投资需求总额度158.2×108元;生态重建在地域分布上明显存在两个重点区,一个位于陕北和晋西北交界地区,另一个位于陇东和宁南地区;宜及早制定区域性分类指导政策,并应将有限的资金集中在重点区。     

矿井水处理方法及其治理方案择优

筒述了适用于西北地区煤矿高矿化度及酸性矿井水处理方法，介绍了用两种多目标模糊决策法在三个可行的酸性水处理方案中选优方法。     

Contaminant transport in dual-porosity media with dissolved organic matter and bacteria present as mobile colloids

In riverbank filtration, contaminant transport is affected by colloidal particles such as dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bacterial particles. In addition, the subsurface heterogeneity influences the behavior of contaminant transport in riverbank filtration. A mathematical model is developed to describe the contaminant transport in dual-porosity media in the presence of DOM and bacteria as mobile colloids. In the model development, a porous medium is divided into the mobile and immobile regions to consider the presence of ineffective micropores in physically heterogeneous riverbanks. We assume that the contaminant transport in the mobile region is controlled by the advection and dispersion while the contaminant transport in the immobile region occurs due to the molecular diffusion. The contaminant transfer between the mobile and immobile regions takes place by diffusive mass transfer. The mobile region is conceptualized as a four-phase system: two mobile colloidal phases, an aqueous phase, and a solid matrix. The complete set of governing equations is solved numerically with a fully implicit finite difference method. The model results show that in riverbank filtration, the contaminant can migrate further than expected due to the presence of DOM and bacteria. In addition, the contaminant mobility increases further in the presence of the immobile region in aquifers. A sensitivity analysis shows that in dual-porosity media, earlier breakthrough of the contaminant takes place as the volumetric fraction of the mobile region decreases. It is also demonstrated that as the contaminant mass transfer rate coefficient between the mobile and immobile regions increases, the contaminant concentration gradient between the two regions reverses at earlier pore volumes. The contaminant mass transfer coefficient between the mobile and immobile regions mainly controls the tailing effect of the contaminant breakthrough. The contaminant breakthrough curves are sensitive to changes in contaminant adsorption and desorption rate coefficients on DOM and bacteria. In situations where the contaminant is released in the presence of DOM and bacteria in dual-porosity media, the early breakthrough and tailing occur due to the colloidal facilitation and presence of immobile regions.     

三峡库区生活垃圾总磷的分布特征和溶出规律研究

了解垃圾堆放场堆存生活垃圾的污染物含量及浸泡条件下污染物的溶出规律，有助于正确评价垃圾堆放场所带来的环境影响，从而为政府部门的决策提供依据。文章以三峡库区为例，通过测定三峡库区主要垃圾堆放场堆存生活垃圾总磷的含量，分析它们的分布特征，并且进行生活垃圾浸泡条件下总磷的溶出实验，分析它们的溶出规律，为三峡库区的环境保护提供帮助。结果表明，(1)三峡库区生活垃圾总磷的含量位于50-3290mg／kg之间，总磷分布集中于100-1600mg／kg之间，且区域差异较大；(2)生活垃圾淹没条件下总磷的释放规律为开始较慢，逐渐增大，达到最大值以后减少，最后趋于稳定；(3)生活垃圾淹没条件下总磷的单位溶出量与时间的关系满足逻辑斯特模型w=α／[1 βexp(-kt)]，且垃圾单位可溶出量α随质量增加而减少，利用本模型可以预测垃圾进入水体后总磷溶出的初期行为。     

湖南德夯风景区蕨类植物区系的研究

德夯风景区位于湖南省西北部吉首市之西,海拔189.4m-964.6m, 面积252km~2。该区蕨类植物有28科,51属,118种。其特点:(1)、种类丰富而密度大,以鳞毛蕨科、水龙骨科、蹄盖蕨科、卷柏属、铁角属、凤尾蕨属等为优势类群,科内、属内种数贫乏;(2)、属的地理成分以热带成分为主,温带与亚热带成分次之,无特有属。种的地理成分以亚热带成分为主,热带与温带成分次之,特有种类丰富;(3)、东亚成分(尤其是中国-日本成分)众多,可能是东亚成分分布中心的一部分;(4)、与天平山、佼母溪关系最密切,与庐山、黄山、大瑶山关系较密切,与神农架、鼎湖山较疏远。     

江苏沿江地区20年来农业土壤资源缩减特征

在遥感和地理信息技术支持下,对江苏沿江地区1984~2003年城镇扩张侵占农业土壤资源的特征进行了研究。结果表明,1984~2000年,江苏沿江地区农业土壤资源缩减主要围绕重要城市,缩减图斑面积大,且区域分布相对平衡。2001~2003年,农业土壤资源缩减速率显著增快且各地市呈不平衡发展,除南京外主要集中在常州、江阴、泰兴、常熟地区。20年来江苏沿江地区农业土壤资源缩减了891%,缩减面积达到 190 713 hm2,所有土壤类型均受到城镇扩张影响,其中水稻土被侵占的面积最大。该区域农业土壤资源按肥力质量可分为5等,1984~2000年,Ⅰ~Ⅴ等土壤资源受城镇扩张影响程度依次降低。2001~2003年,Ⅰ、Ⅲ等土壤资源受城镇扩张影响程度明显降低,而Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ等土壤资源受城镇扩张影响程度增加,按受影响程度排序变为Ⅴ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅲ、Ⅰ。     

城乡工业及生活污水处理设施建设与布局的研究

认真落实科学发展观统筹城乡发展,是党中央国务院在新时期的重大战略决策,面对新形势新要求,区域城乡污染物控制究竟做些什么、怎么做,本课题带着这一系列的问题,从城乡工业及生活污水处理设施建设与布局入手,以江苏扬州市为范例,围绕生态市建设、沿江与沿河开发、乡镇水环境保护问题,对区域城乡工业及生活污水处理设施建设与布局进行全面认真的研究。目的是从生态市建设、污染物总量控制的角度,思考乡镇经济社会发展对水体环境的影响及其对策,重点关注乡镇工业园区或工业集中区、乡镇镇区污水处理设施建设和布局的问题,为实现城乡区域统筹发展提供一些驾驭的能力。     

Phylogenetic relationships among morphotypes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caesalpinia echinata</Emphasis> Lam. (Caesalpinioideae: Leguminosae) evidenced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">trn</Emphasis>L intron sequences

Caesalpinia echinata (brazilwood or Pernambuco wood) comprises a complex of three morphological leaf variants, characterized by differences in the number and size of the pinnae and leaflets, and occurring in allopatric and sympatric populations. The present study evaluates the utility of the chloroplast DNA trnL intron in a phylogenetic analysis of the three leaf variants along with other species of Caesalpinia and generic relatives. Our study supports the hypothesis that the name C. echinata designates a species complex and provides evidence that one of the forms, the highly divergent C. echinata large-leafleted variant, represents a distinct taxon.     

渭河西咸段表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及风险评价

以渭河西咸段表层沉积物及其孔隙水为研究对象,采用ICPMS测定了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的含量,应用改进BCR法分析了沉积物重金属的赋存形态特征,基于风险评价编码法(RAC)和潜在生态风险指数法(PERI)评价了表层沉积物重金属的生态风险。结果表明:渭河西咸段表层沉积物已受到多种重金属的复合污染,孔隙水中As和Cd质量浓度在部分断面超过US EPA水生生物水质基准的持续基准质量浓度,表层沉积物中Cd质量比在所有断面、其余重金属质量比在部分断面超过其对应陕西省A层土壤背景值;表层沉积物重金属赋存形态各异,Cd主要存在于酸可溶态中,Pb主要存在于可还原态中,Cu、As和Cr主要存在于残渣态中,Zn在酸可溶态和残渣态上均有较高的比例,以残渣态为主;RAC评价显示,As和Cu处于低风险级或中风险级,Cd处于高风险级或极高风险级,Cr、Pb均为低风险级,Zn在低风险级和高风险级之间变化;RI评价显示,各断面处于轻微至极强生态风险,Cd处于较强至极强生态风险,其余重金属均属于轻微生态风险。