武汉居住区的能源利用与环境保护规划

针对武汉市冬季湿冷，夏季闷热的典型气候特点，探讨了统筹规划的武汉市住宅小区的能源利用怀环境保护的必要性和可行性。在对武汉市住区进行详细的现状分析后，明确提出了建设南北朝向的各式住宅，进行小区绿化与房顶绿化和发展区域锅炉房集中供热等节约能源，减轻大气污染，提高居室环境质量的规划措施。     

农村蔬菜废物高温好氧降解协同性及动力学

对太湖流域农村典型蔬菜废物进行了高温好氧降解试验,结果表明,好氧降解d14末有机物降解率大小顺序为:叶菜皮>竹笋壳>叶菜皮 竹笋壳>叶菜皮 茭白壳>茭白壳.对于混合物料,叶菜皮 竹笋壳组有机物降解后期(6~14d)存在非协同降解关系,其主要是由于其难降解组分后期降解存在抑制导致而成;叶菜皮 茭白壳则呈独立降解关系.蔬菜废物高温好氧降解符合一级动力学,降解速率常数在0.036~0.100d-1之间,各不同组物料降解速率大小顺序为:叶菜皮>笋壳>叶菜皮 竹笋壳>叶菜皮 茭白壳>茭白壳.统计分析表明,降解速率与物料纤维素初始浓度相关性最好,指数模型拟和效果最优,可作为蔬菜废物高温好氧降解速率常数的经验公式.图3表6参16     

中国西北地区生态农业发展模式

本文以西北地区五个生态农业试点县为例，通过对这一地区的生态环境、社会经济基本情况与特点及生态农业建设情况的研究，探讨了在这一地区发展生态农业的模式与前景。     

苏锡常地区的城市化及其资源环境胁迫作用

城市化是当今世界发展的重要特征，城市化的发展在促进社会进步的同时也对生态环境产生了一系列负面影响。以苏锡常地区为案例，从城镇数量的变化、城镇规模的变化、经济结构的转换以及非农业人口比例的变化这4个方面分析了该地区的城市化特征和过程，并对其生态环境胁迫作用进行了定性和定量的分析。结果表明：苏锡常地区城市化的速度快、程度高，其带来的资源环境胁迫作用是很明显的。     

喀斯特地区红三叶混播草地群落对长期适度放牧的响应

群落稳定性的生态学研究一直缺乏动物利用条件下的长时间梯度田间试验,而混播草地的放牧利用年限是生态脆弱的南方喀斯特山区生态环境建设和资源可持续利用的关键问题之一。用考力代绵羊轮牧,在牧前和牧后草地现存量(干物质,DM,drymatter)分别为1800~2500(草层高15~18cm)和900~1200kg·hm-2(草层高3~5cm)的适度放牧利用条件下,对亚热带最常见的豆科牧草红三叶(Trifolium pratense)与禾本科牧草的两两混播草地的群落生产力和持久性开展长期研究。20年的结果表明:适度放牧利用下,群落地上总生物量长期稳定,各组合间差异不显著,总盖度20a后仍高达97%以上;适度放牧有利于牧草的生产力持久性,红三叶、鸭茅(Dactylisglomerata)、多年生黑麦草(Loliumperenne)和黑穗画眉草(Eragrostisnigra)都在群落中长期存在;群落净产量和持久性是尺度依赖的,群落长期净生产力以红三叶 鸭茅的最高(DM产量353.3g·m-2·a-1)(P<0.05),对杂草侵入的抵抗力最强,而前10a红三叶 多年生黑麦草有很高的净生产力(DM产量449.8g·m-2·a-1);物种的生产力受伴生种的影响,前10a红三叶在与无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis leyss)和黑穗画眉草组合中的产量高于其它组合(P<0.05);不同的物种侵占力不同,栽培种侵占力最强的是黑穗画眉和鸭茅,非栽培种侵占力最强的是白三叶。     

Emissions of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants within the Keelung Harbor Region of Taiwan

The Keelung port, which is located on the northern tip of Taiwan, right next to the Taipei metropolitan area, is an important international harbor. However, any air pollutants generated from the Keelung port region, immediately travel to the neighboring Keelung city, and greatly impact the residents' daily life and the quality of their environment. This study has investigated and quantified pollution emissions, from the Keelung port region, between 1997 and 2002. Emissions from major air pollution sources were estimated. The estimated results indicated that total TSP (total suspended particles) emissions had significantly increased, from 5221 ton/yr in 1997 to 262 687 ton/yr in 2002, due to the greatly increased volume of sand imported into Keelung Harbor. Quantities of other emissions, such as SO₂, NO₂, CO and HC remained stable and were 440, 207, 78 and 25 ton/yr, respectively, on average, with variations within 7% over the previous six-year period. By examining the emissions from pollution sources, it was found that TSP emissions mainly originated from re-suspension of dust, due to both vehicle movement and the sand unloading process; this accounted for over 99% of the total TSP emissions produced in the port region. About 80% of the total SO₂ emissions originated from the main ships' engines within the Keelung port region, due to the use of fuel with a high sulfur content. In addition, loading/unloading machines within the port region were the major sources of NO₂, CO and HC pollution emissions, which comprised 54, 58 and 66% of the total emissions of these pollutants, respectively. TSP emissions from Keelung port were much higher than from the neighboring Keelung city; hence, alleviating TSP emissions should be the first priority for air pollution reduction within both the port of Keelung and Keelung city.     

SO2 modeling in İzmit Gulf, Turkey during the winter of 1997: 3 cases

In this study, SO₂ dispersion over İzmit Gulf is simulated by California Puff (CALPUFF) model for three air pollution cases, which occurred on January 28, February 12, and February 26, 1997. These days are generally characterized by dominant high-pressure systems – pressure values reaching 1032 mb, low wind speeds and sometimes calm conditions, and low temperatures with a minimum of 0°C. Hourly simulations during those critical cases were carried out and results revealed very high concentrations of SO₂ transported to the downwind regions of Tüpraş and Gebze, and values sometimes exceeded 1,000 μg/m³. Nighttime and morning simulations associated with inversion produced considerably higher values of SO₂ than the afternoon simulations associated with breeze. Model verification was conducted by comparing the measured daily average values of eight stations with the model predicted values at the same receptor points. Results showed that the model well predicted the values at station Gebze in all three cases. The model sometimes underestimated and sometimes overestimated the concentrations at other receptor stations.     

基于机器学习的成渝地区空气质量数值预报PM2.5订正方法研究

空气质量预报对于大气污染防治、打赢蓝天保卫战意义重大.本研究基于重庆市气象局的中尺度天气模式（WRF）和空气质量数值预报模式（CMAQ）的预报产品,采用2018年4个代表月份（1、4、7、10月,分别代表冬、春、夏和秋季）成渝地区22个观测站点的PM_2.5浓度和气象要素观测数据,建立基础特征变量数据集（包括训练数据集和测试数据集）,通过调整模型参数,并利用训练数据集采用机器学习方法（Lasso回归、随机森林回归、深度学习RNN-LSTM）进行模型训练,订正了成渝地区PM_2.5数值预报.其中,通过Lasso回归算法对成渝地区4个区域分别进行变量优选,优化模型,利用测试数据集对模型进行测试并检验评估.结果表明,基于3种机器学习方法订正后的PM_2.5小时浓度相比CMAQ模式模拟预报结果,偏差显著降低,相关系数显著提高.其中,随机森林回归和RNN-LSTM的订正效果优于Lasso回归,区域统计与站点统计结果较为一致;Lasso回归订正后的均方根误差减小50%左右,相关系数达70%,随机森林回归和RNN-LSTM订正后的均方根误差减小70%左右,相关系数达90%,随机森林回归与RNN-LSTM订正后的偏差范围相比Lasso回归集中范围更窄,最大概率分布更集中;3种方法对不同季节的订正效果与全年一致,其中,冬季订正效果更为显著.研究结果可为提高我国重点城市群区域—成渝地区PM_2.5浓度的大气污染预报能力提供有益参考.     

京津冀地区电力部门CO2排放因素分解分析

基于LMDI(Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Method)方法分析2001-2016年京津冀地区电力部门CO2排放的8个影响因素,考虑了京津冀地区电力部门从生产投入、转换、传输到消费的整个过程;并分析了2001-2016年影响京、津、冀各地区CO2排放的各因素贡献值。结果表明,1)2001-2016年京津冀地区电力部门CO2排放总体呈现递增趋势,2012年出现负增长;河北省电力部门对京津冀电力部门CO2排放贡献最大,2001-2016年累计CO2排放变化量为145.70 Mt,但河北省电力部门的减排潜力巨大;2)人均GDP效应和人口规模效应是促进京津冀地区电力部门CO2排放增长的主要因素,2001-2016年累计贡献值分别为261.86 Mt和36.47 Mt;3)用电效率效应和电力输入输出效应是京津冀地区电力部门CO2排放量增长的主要抑制作用,2001-2016年累计贡献值分别为-49.40 Mt和-47.93 Mt;4)造成京、津、冀电力部门CO2排放差异的主要因素是人均GDP、化石能源转换效率和用电效率。