利用多信息源提高半干旱地区TM影像的森林类型制图精度:以北京西部山区为例

以地处半干旱地区的北京西部山区为例,利用研究区森林类型的季相特征、已有的少部分林相图、Google Earth免费影像数据等信息选择不同坡向的相同森林类型做训练样本,通过加入其他辅助数据(海拔和坡向数据),来提高Landsat TM影像的森林类型分类精度,同时对比了基于像元和面向对象方法提取森林类型的效果。结果表明:1)就半干旱山区的森林类型划分来说,TM影像的TM4、TM5、TM4-TM2及辅助数据DEM和坡向可作为TM影像森林类型划分的最佳数据源。2)单独加入海拔信息,阔叶林的提取精度提高23%,针叶林和混交林的分类精度只提高了4%~5%;单独加入坡向信息,阔叶林的提取精度只提高21%,但是针叶林和混交林的分类精度则分别提高了13%、18%,显著优于单独加入海拔信息的效果。同时加入海拔信息和坡向信息,至少可以准确区分出约70%以上的针叶林、阔叶林和混交林。3)就本研究区而言,坡向比海拔更有效地辅助提高森林分类精度。4)就混淆矩阵数据而言,面向对象的分类方法比基于像元分类结果总体精度低3%,Kappa系数低4%,但面向对象的分类结果更加符合研究区实际情况。该研究对中分辨率影像应用于半干旱山区森林类型划分具有一定的借鉴意义。     

三峡库区城乡消落带人工植被恢复土壤放线菌多样性特征

为研究人工植被恢复后消落带土壤放线菌群落多样性特征,以三峡库区典型城市消落带重庆江北嘴大剧院消落带和乡村消落带忠县汝溪河流域消落带为研究区域,于2015年6月原位采集0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm土壤,利用限制性末端长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)方法,对消落带人工恢复植被土壤不同土层的放线菌群落多样性进行研究.结果发现:(1)三峡库区城乡消落带人工植被恢复后的土壤放线菌多样性有差异,表现为城市消落带土壤放线菌多样性高于乡村消落带土壤(P0.05),特别是在表层土壤.(2)在城乡消落带中,林地土壤放线菌多样性高于草地,且在土层之间放线菌多样性无显著性差异.(3)三峡库区城乡消落带人工植被恢复后的土壤放线菌优势种有差异.(4)冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)和蒙特卡罗置换检验(Monte-Carlo permutation test)表明,城市消落带中含水量、速效氮含量显著影响放线菌群落多样性;乡村消落带中土壤含水量、有机质、速效氮和速效钾含量显著影响放线菌群落多样性.结论表明在消落带人工植被修复后,城市消落带土壤放线菌多样性均高于乡村消落带,这有可能是人为干扰和土壤养分增加所致.     

极端严寒地区湿法烟气脱硫系统的设计

通过实例,介绍了如何通过设计优化,使湿法烟气脱硫系统(FGD)在我国北方极端严寒地区的脱硫工程中得到稳定、可靠的运行.     

Improved Bankfull Channel Geometry Prediction Using Two‐Year Return‐Period Discharge1

He, Laien and Gregory V. Wilkerson, 2011. Improved Bankfull Channel Geometry Prediction Using Two‐Year Return‐Period Discharge. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1298–1316. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00567.x Abstract:  Bankfull discharge (Q_bf) and bankfull channel geometry (i.e., width, W_bf; mean depth, D_bf; and cross‐section area, A_bf) are important design parameters in stream restoration, habitat creation, mined land reclamation, and related projects. The selection of values for these parameters is facilitated by regional curves (regression models in which Q_bf, W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf are predicted as a function of drainage area, A_da). This paper explores the potential for the two‐year return‐period discharge (Q₂) to improve predictions of W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf. Improved predictions are expected because Q₂ estimates integrate the effects of basin drainage area, climate, and geology. For conducting this study, 29 datasets (each representing one hydrologic region) spanning 14 states in the United States were analyzed. We assessed the utility of using Q₂ by comparing statistical measures of regression model performance (e.g., coefficient of determination and Akaike’s information criterion). Compared to using A_da, Q₂ is shown to be a “clearly superior” predictor of W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf, respectively, for 21, 13, and 25% of the datasets. By contrast, A_da yielded a clearly superior model for predicting W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf, respectively, for 0, 0, and 14% of the datasets. Our conclusion is that it alongside with developing conventional regional curves using A_da it is prudent to develop regional curves that use Q₂ as an independent variable because in some cases the resulting model will be superior.     

关于黄土高原陇东地区环境变化的回顾与思考

在近七八十年里,生态环境脆弱的陇东地区由于人口增加引起乱砍滥伐、过度放牧、陡坡开垦造成的水土流失和引起大量开垦坡地,广种薄收,形成“越穷越垦、越垦越穷”的恶性循环等等,出现了一系列人地矛盾.随着植树造林,退耕还林,禁止放牧等一系列政策措施的实施和社会经济的快速发展,使得这一矛盾得到了一定程度的缓解,可今后怎样保持和继续深化以及怎样在环境可承载下发展经济和提高人民的生活水平是我们要思考的问题.从环境变化的几个方面进行讨论并得出一些存在的问题及建议.     

Calculation of the minimum ecological water requirement of an urban river system and its deployment: A case study in Beijing central region

The minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system and water deployment are key elements in integrated water resources planning and urban ecological construction. Based on a review of ecological water requirement calculation methods and considering the different ecological functions of an urban river system, the ecological function method was used in this paper to calculate the components of the ecological water requirements of an urban river. An envelope curve-based method was proposed for assessing the minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system. Water resources deployment strategies designed to meet the minimum ecological water requirements were described. Then, the minimum ecological water requirements of the urban river system in Beijing central region, selected as a case study, were investigated. The key parameters for assessing the minimum ecological water requirement in the Beijing urban river system were determined. Based on the ecological objectives and the current status of the different urban river systems within the Beijing central region, the minimum ecological water requirements were calculated. Different types of water sources, including rainwater, upstream water, and reclaimed water, were deployed to meet the ecological water requirements for the urban river system in the Beijing central region.     

三峡库区巫山建坪地区土壤镉等重金属分布特征及来源研究

位于三峡库区的巫山建坪地区存在明显土壤高镉(Cd)异常,但对其土壤镉分布特征及来源缺乏深入认识.通过对岩石及土壤样品中镉等重金属元素的总量、土壤理化性质、典型土壤剖面Cd含量、Cd赋存形态进行分析测试,并结合相关性分析和主成分分析等统计方法,以及不同类型土壤间的对比分析,研究了巫山县建坪地区土壤中镉等重金属的含量分布特征及其来源.结果表明,岩石(包括煤及煤矸石等)中Cd含量范围为0.22～101 mg·kg-1,表层耕作土壤中Cd含量范围为0.42～42 mg·kg-1,自然土壤中Cd含量范围为0.12～8.5 mg·kg-1;除Cd外,V、Cr、Ni、Zn同样存在富集现象.土壤中弱酸提取态镉占其总量的17%～35%.研究表明,巫山建坪研究区土壤存在严重镉污染问题,土壤中高镉与研究区岩石中镉含量具有很好的地球化学继承性,且表现出表层富集的特征.研究区土壤中镉等重金属主要为自然地质源,其历史上的煤矿开采加剧了土壤镉的富集过程.土壤中镉的生物有效态高,通过食物链富集而影响人群健康的环境危害大.     

对菏泽地区百年一遇暴雨成灾的反思

本文针对菏泽地区1993年遭遇百年一遇暴雨成灾的现实,客观地反映了灾情,分析了成灾的主要原因,并提出了防御对策。     

陇南土石山区水土资源的保护与农业综合开发

陇南地区水土流失面积占土地总面积的５６．８６％，制约了当地农村经济的发展，该区以小流域为单元，进行水土保持综合治理，建设高产，优质，高效农业生态经济系统，获得了较好的经济，生态和社会效益。通过重点防治，土地利用趋于合理，各业得到的均衡发展，开创了这一地区水土资源保护与农业综合开发的新局面。     

农业产业化经营项目空间分布及驱动因素分析——以京津冀地区为例

农业产业化经营项目是农业产业发展基础,是京津冀协同发展下调整农业产业结构、提高农业综合生产能力的重要内容。基于京津冀地区2011—2016年数据,利用核密度指数等方法研究产业化经营项目的空间分布及影响因素。结果显示：（1）京津冀地区农业产业化经营项目形成“斜一字型”核密度分布结构,密度由中部向东北、西南方向递减;（2）种植基地项目主要分布在河北省西南部、天津东部,养殖基地项目主要集中在河北省南部、天津市中部,储藏保鲜项目、改扩建加工项目分别向京津冀地区中北、东北方向迁移;（3）农业机械总动力、年末金融机构各项贷款余额是经营项目空间分布格局重要的影响因素,分别在农业发展“硬件”条件、配套资金供给方面影响经营项目分布。