植物调节湿地CO2和CH4排放对淹水增强的响应

在闽江河口鳝鱼滩潮汐沼泽湿地设置有植物与无植物2种中宇宙,每种中宇宙设置对照(CK)、CK-20cm、CK-40cm 3种高程处理,以此模拟研究淹水增强对有无植物2 种中宇宙的CO₂和CH₄排放通量的影响.结果表明,淹水增强未显著改变植物的总生物量和植物株高,但增加植物地下生物量,减少植物地上生物量.在有植物中宇宙中,土壤氧化还原电位(ORP)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度随着淹水增强而增加.在无植物中宇宙中,DOC浓度也随着淹水增强而增加,但土壤ORP随淹水增强变化不显著.与CK相比,在CK-20cm和CK-40cm 2种高程处理中,有植物中宇宙中CO₂排放通量分别增加43%和61%,而CH₄排放通量则分别增加66%和84%.在无植物中宇宙中,CO₂和CH₄的排放通量随着淹水增强无显著变化.未来海平面上升50~100a内,有植被的潮汐沼泽湿地综合增温潜势会增加,土壤有机碳储量会显著下降;无植被的潮汐沼泽湿地综合增温潜势将下降,土壤有机碳储量不会显著改变.     

周丛生物存在下不同水层氧化还原带的分布及其与微生物的关联

目前人工水草、弹性填料等多种载体广泛用于地表水体净化,通过载体表面富集的周丛生物去除污染物达到净化效果.尤其在周丛生物存在情况下,不同水层的氧化还原带分布情况与污染物的去除有着直接或间接的关系,因此,研究周丛生物存在下不同水层氧化还原带的分布及其微生物特征具有重要的实际意义.在模拟的水柱装置中,加入玄武湖采集的富营养化水,再悬挂弹性填料富集周丛生物,待周丛生物生长达到稳定期之后,监测不同水层氧化还原因子及其微生物.结果表明,周丛生物作用下,水柱中不同水层自上而下依次出现5条氧化还原带,周丛生物在每个带所利用的最终电子受体分别为O2、NO-3、Fe3+、CO2和SO2-4,依次称为氧还原带、NO-3还原带、铁还原带、产甲烷带和SO2-4还原带;各带的标志性物质DO、NO-2、Fe2+、HCO-3和硫化物的最高值分别为11.290、4.950、38.326、120.000和12.180 mg·L-1.通过Biolog技术监测微生物特征显示:不同水层对应的周丛生物其组成、代谢活性、碳源利用能力存在显著差异,由此造成了不同水层氧化还原带的分布.不同水层氧化还原带分布及其微生物特征的研究,为揭示周丛生物净化不同深度水体水质提供了科学解释,也为发展高效的基于周丛生物净化水质的技术提供了理论依据.     

环渤海海洋产业绿色GDP核算

绿色GDP核算是反映经济-环境系统交互作用,继而进行综合计量的重要工具.以可持续发展为主题,借鉴联合国环境经济核算方法,以环渤海地区为研究区,选取数据可得性最好的2013年为核算期开展GGOP(海洋产业绿色GDP)核算研究,并以辽宁、河北、天津和山东4个省级行政区为研究单元进行拆分.结果表明:2013年环渤海地区GOP(海洋产业生产总值)约为1.97×1012元,GGOP约为1.84×1012元,占GOP的93.44%,资源耗减、生态系统破坏、环境损失和环境活动分别扣减了GOP的2.54%、0.16%、1.70%和2.15%.环渤海地区2013年的渔业没有造成资源耗减,而对海洋油气资源的开采造成的资源耗减损失约为5.02×1010元.通过围填海造成的生态系统破坏损失约为3.11×109元.环渤海地区海洋产业污染物产生的虚拟成本约为3.36×1010元.国家和省级海洋部门对渤海的环境管理活动支出约为4.42×109元;环渤海地区海洋环境和资源利用投入研究经费约3.81×1010元.环渤海各省市中,辽宁省扣减比例为5.30%,其中环境损失占扣减总值的44.77%;河北省与辽宁省相近,扣减比例为5.04%;天津市扣减比例最大,为13.09%,其中资源耗减占扣减总值的69.74%;山东省扣减比例为4.34%,其中环境管理活动支出占扣减总值的50.82%.研究结果扩展了绿色GDP核算方法的适用范围,探索了绿色核算在海洋经济中的核算方法和核算技术,有助于环渤海各省市海洋经济发展调控政策的制订.      

Pantoea sp.IMH介导土壤中砷锑的形态转化

砷(As)、锑(Sb)污染是世界范围内比较严重的环境问题,且经常同时存在.微生物在As、Sb的氧化还原和迁移转化的过程中起着至关重要的作用.As和Sb作为同族元素,具有类似的化学性质和相关的微生物氧化还原机制.然而,砷还原菌株对As、Sb迁移转化机制的研究相对较少,特别是在As、Sb共存的土壤中.本研究的目的是探究含有ars C基因的砷还原菌株Pantoea sp.IMH对土壤中As、Sb的氧化还原和迁移转化.除了接种活细胞的活菌体系和非生物对照组,同时,考虑到自然界中细菌死亡裂解过程,还做了失活死细胞的死菌体系.结果表明,在活菌体系中,溶解态As(Ⅴ)有72.7μg·L~(-1)转化为As(Ⅲ),364.8μg·L~(-1)的溶解态的Sb(Ⅴ)没有还原,表明ars C介导的砷还原菌不能还原Sb(Ⅴ).在死菌体系中,总砷和总锑的含量分别为506.8μg·L~(-1)、821.1μg·L~(-1),是活菌体系(As=155.2μg·L~(-1);Sb=364.8μg·L~(-1))和非生物对照组中(As=57.6μg·L~(-1);Sb=271.1μg·L~(-1))砷锑含量的4倍左右.这可能是死菌体释放的胞内物质促进了砷锑的释放,3个体系中总砷和总锑释放量均显著性相关(P0.05).本研究进一步阐释了微生物对土壤中As和Sb迁移转化的影响.     

Impact of waterlogging on the uptake of arsenic by hyperaccumulator and tolerant plant

A significant proportion of arsenic (As)-contaminated sites are temporarily or permanently under reducing condition, which may affect phytoextraction efficiency using the As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. In this work, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the solubility and redox species of As in soil. The uptake of As by two populations of P. vittata and As-tolerant grass Holcus lanatus under different water regimes was examined. Waterlogging decreased the redox potential from 350 to?50 mV, leading to an approximately 40% reduction of As(V) to As(III) and an increased dissolved As concentration by 150%–300%. The changes in the speciation and concentration of As influenced its uptake by plants. A population collected from a temporarily waterlogged riverside in Guangxi province (GX population) had ninefold higher shoot As concentration under the waterlogged condition than that under the non-waterlogged condition, indicating that it preferred taking up As in the form of As(III). By contrast, a population of P. vittata collected from a dry land in Yunnan province (YN population) and H. lanatus demonstrated a preference to As(V). The GX population was an appropriate species for the phytoextraction of waterlogged sites. These results implied the importance of habitat ecology on the extraction efficiency of hyperaccumulators.     

Disposal of Coal Fly Ash at A Deep Water Site in the Eastern Mediterranean Off Israel - Six Years of Monitoring

Coal fly ash (CFA) is dumped at a deep sea disposal site (1,500m water depth) in the eastern Mediterranean, ca. 70km off the Israeli shore. Since 1989, about one million tons of CFA were dumped at the 200km² allocated area. Six years of monitoring at the dump-site shows that the CFA is heterogeneously distributed; there are areas where CFA covers about 1.3cm depth of the sea floor while at others no CFA is found. CFA is present as a fine powder, small aggregates and even as large blocks both in the dump-site as well as at its peripheries. Cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in the CFA decreased as a result of the prolonged contact with sea water at in situ conditions while inconclusive changes in mercury, iron and manganese were detected. No changes were observed for lead, iron and aluminium concentrations. A controlled long term field experiment, now in progress at the site, is expected to clarify further chemical changes occurring in the CFA.     

微生物燃料电池降解焦化废水过程研究

焦化废水生化处理流程复杂，污染物降解过程尚不明确，构建无膜空气阴极焦化废水微生物燃料电池，利用循环伏安法、红外分析、微生物群落结构等分析考察了焦化废水的降解过程中，各类有机物含量变化、官能团的变化、有机物异步降解次序及优势菌种的演替.焦化废水中含硫无机物被优先降解，酚类降解次之，含氮污染物历经好氧硝化与厌氧反硝化降解过程，但落后于前者；长链烷烃类降解缓慢；生物群落结构与底物中有机物种类密切相关，初期Desulfurella优先氧化含硫污染物、Flavobacterium降解酚类次之、Nitrospirae氧化降解NH₄⁺-N较为缓慢，随时间延长Alcaligenes、Thiobacillus演变为优势菌落，实现了酚类的降解及NO₃^-的反硝化降解；电池输出电压为470.9mV，最高输出功率密度达12.5mW/cm²，COD、T_phenols、T_surful、TN、NH₄⁺-N的降解分别为85.8%、83.3%、87.5%、43.8%、89.9%.利用微生物燃料电池技术处理焦化废水，一步实现水质净化及能量回收，为废水生物处理控制提供理论和实践参考.     

东方大港的探讨—利用GIS对宁波深水港的分析

根据孙中山先生提出的在我国北、东、南建立三方大港的思想，对我国东部沿海的宁波港进行了分析。在对其历史和现状分析的基础上，借助于现代的信息系统技术和遥感技术，对宁波港的水深状况和集疏运输情况进行了进一步分析，并与北、南二大深水港大连港、广州港、以及我国目前最大的上海港作了比较，提出了正在快速发展的宁波港有潜力成为我国的东方大港，为国家对港口的宏观布局提供了依据。     

Incorporating Climate and Ocean Change into Extinction Risk Assessments for 82 Coral Species

Many marine invertebrate species facing potential extinction have uncertain taxonomies and poorly known demographic and ecological traits. Uncertainties are compounded when potential extinction drivers are climate and ocean changes whose effects on even widespread and abundant species are only partially understood. The U.S. Endangered Species Act mandates conservation management decisions founded on the extinction risk to species based on the best available science at the time of consideration—requiring prompt action rather than awaiting better information. We developed an expert‐opinion threat‐based approach that entails a structured voting system to assess extinction risk from climate and ocean changes and other threats to 82 coral species for which population status and threat response information was limited. Such methods are urgently needed because constrained budgets and manpower will continue to hinder the availability of desired data for many potentially vulnerable marine species. Significant species‐specific information gaps and uncertainties precluded quantitative assessments of habitat loss or population declines and necessitated increased reliance on demographic characteristics and threat vulnerabilities at genus or family levels. Adapting some methods (e.g., a structured voting system) used during other assessments and developing some new approaches (e.g., integrated assessment of threats and demographic characteristics), we rated the importance of threats contributing to coral extinction risk and assessed those threats against population status and trend information to evaluate each species’ extinction risk over the 21st century. This qualitative assessment resulted in a ranking with an uncertainty range for each species according to their estimated likelihood of extinction. We offer guidance on approaches for future biological extinction risk assessments, especially in cases of data‐limited species likely to be affected by global‐scale threats. Incorporación del Cambio Climático y Oceánico en Estudios de Riesgo de Extinción para 82 Especies de Coral