Wild fire impact on copper, zinc, lead and cadmium distribution in soil and relation with abundance in selected plants of Lamiaceae family from Vidlic Mountain (Serbia)

Fire has been considered as an improving factor in soil quality, but only if it is controlled. Severe wild fire occurred in the summer 2007 on the Vidlic Mountain (Serbia) overspreading a huge area of meadows and forests.Main soil characteristics and content of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn) in different fractions obtained after sequential extraction of soil from post-fire areas and from fire non disturbed areas were studied. In four plant species of Lamiaceae family (Ajuga genevensis L., Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L., Teucrium chamaedrys L., Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench.), that grow in typical habitats of the mountain, distribution of heavy metals in aerial parts and roots was investigated too.For all samples from post-fire area cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter content are increased while rH is decreased. Fire caused slightly increased bioavailability of the observed metals but more significant rise happened in metal amounts bound to oxides and organics. The plants showed variable behavior. T. chamaedrys collected on the post-fire area contained elevated concentrations of all analyzed metals. A. alpinus showed higher phytoaccumulation for Zn and Cd, while the other two plant species for Pb and Cd in the post-fire areas.     

海洋污损灾害应急监测调度指挥辅助系统研究

为解决我国海洋污损灾害应急监测技术应用单一、水平参差不齐、监测队伍缺少优化调度等问题,基于我国现阶段海洋污损灾害的管理模式和应急监测技术水平与力量,梳理并优化应急监测业务流程,将海洋污损灾害高发海域的水动力实时模拟、污染物扩散与溯源的动态模拟预测、应急监测的启动判别指标体系、监测范围指引模式、监测方案自动生成、监测信息实时编报等技术集成整合,构建海洋污损灾害应急监测调度指挥辅助系统,其适用性和高效性已在业务化示范和实践应用中得到验证。     

Economic impact of ocean acidification on shellfish production in Europe

Ocean acidification (OA) is increasingly recognized as a major global problem. Despite the scientific evidence, economic assessments of its effects are few. This analysis is an attempt to perform a national and sub-national assessment of the economic impact of OA on mollusc production in Europe. We focus on mollusc production because the scientific evidence on the biological impact on calcifying organisms is ample relative to other types of marine organisms. In addition, Europe and its regions are significant producers of marine molluscs. By performing a partial-equilibrium analysis, we show that the highest levels of overall impact are found in the countries with the largest current production, such as France, Italy and Spain. For Europe as a whole, the annual impact will be over 1 billion USD in 2100. Due to the different production foci of the individual countries and their regions, the distribution of the impact is extremely uneven across countries and their respective regions, with the most affected sub-national regions being those on the Atlantic coast of France, which is an important region for oyster production.     

基于海洋石油作业事故风险分析的应急研究

海洋石油作业具有高危险性、高投入的特点,从事故应急管理内涵角度出发,以海洋石油作业事故历史数据统计及风险分析为基础,开展了不同海洋石油作业事故在应急管理过程中的重点内容的研究,进而指导、细化海洋石油作业应急工作。     

太湖底泥间隙水中金属离子分布特征及相关性

在太湖梅梁湾应用peeper(渗析膜式)技术获取底泥间隙水及近界面上覆水,对其中的溶解性金属的垂直分布特征及与氧化还原等特性的相互关系进行了研究.结果表明,除Mg元素外,自上覆水向下层底泥,Na、K、Ca、Sr、Ba含量逐渐减少,反映这些元素有自上覆水向底泥中扩散的趋势.其中,溶解态的Ca、Sr元素之间呈明显的正相关性(r=0.994,n=30);氧化还原电位(Eh)对间隙水中Fe2+和Mn²⁺含量分布有显著影响,但近界面上Fe2+含量对氧化还原电位的突变略有滞后.     

水稻土中铁-氮循环耦合体系影响镉活性机理研究

关于铁-氮循环耦合体系对镉(Cd)活性影响的研究目前尚鲜见报道.本文采用淹水培养试验,研究不同硝酸根(NO_3~-)、铵根(NH_4~+)处理条件下,南方典型Cd污染水稻土中铁氧化还原与氮形态转化耦合关系及其对Cd活性影响的机理.结果表明:随着培养时间延长,不同处理的pH值逐渐向7.0靠拢,Eh值由273~321 mV持续下降至118~132 mV,pe+pH值(e-活度的负对数值与H+活度的负对数值之和)从10.62~11.19持续下降至8.55~8.83,土-水体系处于中度还原条件;化学反硝化(Chemodenitrification)和NO_3~-依赖的厌氧铁氧化过程(Microbial NO_3~--dependent FeIIoxidation,NDFO)生成无定形氢氧化铁(Fe(OH)_3(amorp)),其对Cd~(2+)专性吸附及与Cd~(2+)共沉淀降低了有效态Cd浓度,加之pH值上升增大Cd~(2+)在土壤固相表面的吸附量,导致水稻土中Cd活性下降;NH_4~+被Fe(OH)_3(amorp)厌氧氧化(Anaerobic NH_4~+oxidation coupled to FeIII reduction,Feammox)会消耗H+而提高体系的pH值,在一定程度上会降低Cd活性,但其自身与Cd~(2+)对土壤固相表面吸附位点的竞争,可能会更大程度地减少Cd~(2+)在土壤固相表面的吸附量,而导致Cd活性提高.本研究成果可为丰富和拓展水稻土中Cd的生物地球化学理论,并为南方Cd污染农田修复及治理提供科学依据.     

采煤沉陷积水区土壤覆水初期氧化还原反应过程与磷迁移转化的耦合研究

以淮南潘谢某采煤沉陷积水区为研究对象,通过设计室内模拟实验,对其农业耕作层土壤初期覆水条件下的氧化还原过程进行了考察.在此基础上研究了磷(P)自农业土壤内部向"水-土"界面迁移转化潜能,模拟实验持续近4个月.同时,实验采取土壤理化性质分析和孔隙水表征相结合的方法进行,土壤主要分析了淹水前后有机质含量(OM)、铁氧化物、P含量及其赋存形态等相关变化,而孔隙水则分析了pH、氧化还原电位(E_h)、溶解无机碳(DIC)和有机碳(DOC)、Fe²⁺、NO₃^--N、SO₄^2--S,较为保守元素Cl^-作为其他可变指标的参考.结果发现,研究过程中观察到了微生物活动所对应的不同氧化还原过程,1~2周后土柱内部的NO₃^--N和SO₄^2--S由于呼吸作用趋于耗竭,孔隙水Fe²⁺持续升高,并伴随着活性磷(DRP)的释放.此后整个体系氧化还原反应趋于平衡,在"水-土"界面观察到了明显的Fe"泵升"现象,弱吸附态磷(NH₄Cl-P)和有机磷(OP)有向金属氧化物结合态磷(NaOH-P)迁移转化的趋势,但孔隙水内部DRP能否向表层迁移短时间内不能确定.     

海洋平台用高强钢强度及其耐蚀性现状及发展趋势

通过对国内外海洋平台用高强钢的种类、性能、生产标准、腐蚀及腐蚀开裂问题等方面的介绍,分析国内外海洋平台用高强钢及耐腐蚀性的现状及发展趋势,认为未来海洋平台用高强钢将向高强度、大厚度、可焊接性好及耐腐蚀方向发展,为高强钢在我国海洋领域的应用及其耐腐蚀性的发展提供参考。     

水锰矿氧化水溶性硫化物过程及其影响因素

作为表生环境中易生成且分布广泛的氧化锰矿物,水锰矿参与水溶性硫化物的氧化反应,影响其迁移、转化和归趋.本研究考察了水锰矿氧化水溶性硫化物(S~(2-))的过程与产物,探讨了初始pH、氧气对反应速率与中间产物的影响,X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)和透射电镜(TEM)表征水锰矿与水溶性硫化物反应固相产物晶体结构、组分和微观形貌;分光光度计、高效液相色谱仪和离子色谱仪分析S~(2-)及其氧化物的浓度与变化趋势.结果表明水锰矿氧化S~(2-)产物主要为单质S,起始pH降低可加速S~(2-)的初始氧化反应,对产物组成并无显著影响;有氧环境中单质S会进一步氧化生成S_2O_3~(2-),且水锰矿表现出良好的催化作用与化学稳定性,反应约10 h,晶体结构保持稳定.     

Fenton试剂法降解餐厨垃圾异味

自行设计Fenton试剂法降解还原性气体异味的反应器,研究了Fenton试剂法处理餐厨垃圾异味主要成分(苯、乙酸乙酯、苯乙烯)的降解效果。以苯为典型代表物,优化得出该实验的最佳反应条件为:pH=3,FeSO4.7H2O投加量为1 g/L液相,30%H2O2投加量为10 mL/L液相,紫外光源辅助。结果证明,Fenton试剂法处理单一异味气体的效果较理想,在前180 min内能达到90%以上,该法在处理气态异味污染物方面具有广阔的应用前景。