2015/2016年海洋和大气环流异常对中国夏季降水的影响

利用1981年1月-2016年8月中国160个气象站降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR资料,对比分析了2015/2016年的主要海洋和大气环流异常及其对夏季降水的影响。结果表明：1）2015和2016年夏季降水异常分布有着明显的差异。2015年夏季降水呈南多北少特点;2016年夏季降水明显增多,尤其是北方地区,且呈现经向型分布。2）热带印度洋-太平洋海温状况监测显示,2015年海温异常表现为El Niño发展年、热带印度洋全区一致模态海温偏暖、印度洋偶极子正位相;2016年海温异常表现为El Niño结束年、热带印度洋全区一致模态海温偏暖、印度洋偶极子负位相。3）2015年,受热带印度洋-太平洋海温异常影响,使得夏季西太平洋副高偏强、偏南,再配合中高纬冷空气活跃,西风急流轴位置偏南,导致我国降水北少南多。4）2016年,受El Niño衰减、印度洋偶极子负位相影响,副高偏北;叠加印度洋海温偏暖的“充电器”效应,副高偏强;同时冷空气偏北偏弱,西风急流轴位置偏北,导致长江中下游及以北区域降水偏多。     

Use Impairments and Ecosystem Impacts of the New York Bight

The New York Bight is perhaps one of the most used and abused coastal areas in the world as a consequence of urbanization and the disposal of the waste of some 20 million people who reside by its shores and surrounding bays and estuaries. A variety of sources, including those associated with sewage wastes, industrial wastes, contaminated dredged material, urban runoff, and atmospheric fallout contaminate these coastal waters. Many of the stresses of excess population and industrialization as measured by pollutant loadings and ecosystem impacts can be crudely quantified in terms of use impairments-use impairments that have measurable social and economic relevance. Five broad categories of impairment attributed to pollution in the Bight that are causing significant losses of ecological, economic, or social values are: beach closures, unsafe seafoods, hazards to commercial and recreational navigation, loss of commercial and recreational fisheries, and declines in birds, mammals and turtles. These impairments are generally caused by floatable wastes, nutrients, toxicants, pathogens and habitat loss. Measures of such impairments are not standard, nor in many cases totally quantifiable. We have examined specific subsets of these impairments in terms of their spatial and temporal changes and as a first approximation determined the economic and social significance of these changes. the cost of these impaired uses of the Bight are measured in terms of billions of dollars annually for New York and New Jersey.     

广东省追赶“亚洲四小龙”：经济与环境协调发展战略

广东省正计划以20年时间赶上韩国、新加坡、台湾、香港“亚洲四小龙”的经济水平。本文分析了追赶“亚洲四小龙”的科学依据,提出了必须重视下列问题。1.经济高速发展,必须重视水源开发和保护;2.面向国际市场,建立外向型经济,必须得到法律的认可和保护,这样才能发挥海洋综合效益。3.经济高涨,城镇化进程必然加速,因此,城镇必须合理布局,城镇总体规划须有超前性、起点高、要求严。     

Eh、pH和铁对水稻土砷释放的影响机制

水稻水淹管理是导致水稻土砷大量释放和水稻对砷富集累积的关键环节.为研究土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH值和铁对水稻土砷释放的影响,采用有氧/厌氧和间歇式有氧水淹培养方式,并分析土壤Eh、pH值、溶解态砷和铁(Ⅱ)随时间的变化,结果表明,长期厌氧水淹培养具有最大的砷释放量,且随着土壤Eh降低,砷(Ⅲ)和总砷(Ⅴ)的浓度均显著提高,其中相比于第一阶段,第二阶段砷(Ⅲ)和砷(Ⅴ)浓度分别提高了1.37μg·L~(-1)和0.99μg·L~(-1);相反,间歇式有氧水淹处理砷的释放量则相对较低,当有氧处理时间最长(6 d)时,砷的释放量最低.土壤Eh与pH值和砷的关系研究表明,二者均与土壤溶液砷呈指数关系,且随着土壤Eh降低和pH提高,水稻土砷的释放速率增大;土壤溶液铁(Ⅱ)与砷则存在显著正相关关系(r=0.868,P0.001).水稻土微环境中Eh降低和pH值提升是驱动砷释放的关键因素,因而有氧水管理模式是能够抑制砷的释放和降低水稻对砷吸收累积的有效方法.     

论城市污水厂污泥最终处置方式及资源化利用

城市污水厂处理中产生的污泥既是污染物又是一种资源,其最好的出路应是污泥的处理、处置与资源化利用相结合。本文通过污泥的综合利用、填埋、投海等几种主要的污泥处置方式的分析,指出污泥的资源化利用应立足于各地实际,在兼顾环境生态效益、社会效益和经济效益平衡的前提下,选择最佳处置与利用方案。     

生物修复在治理海洋环境污染中的应用

介绍了治理海洋环境污染的方法,包括物理处理法、化学处理法、生物修复法等。与传统的化学、物理方法相比,生物修复有很多优点,如费用低、副作用少等。     

GIS支持下的青岛市海域管理信息系统

青岛市海域管理信息系统的建立是"青岛市海洋功能区划"项目的子项目.为了更好的利用海洋功能区划信息,提高海洋开发的合理性和海洋管理的科学性,运用可视化计算机编程语言VB,结合地理信息系统二次开发组件MapX建立了青岛市海域管理信息系统.实践表明,用MapX组件开发地理信息系统具有简单、快捷、高效、方便等诸多优点,它和面向对象语言的结合使它既能充分发挥管理地图数据的优势,又能使开发者快速生成友好的用户界面.     

Phosphorus release： A biogeochemical insight from a restored lakeside wetland in the Yangtze-Huaihe region, China

The heavy intensification of agriculture in East China since the 1980s caused the decrease of lake area and water storage capacity with impediment of regulation, lake eutrophication and frequent floods. Many restoration projects have been conducted. However, the knowledge of biogeochemical factors that drive nutrient cycles during the early stage of restoration is still limited. We studied the effect of the remediation of a patch of near-shore shallow wetland on the northern bank of Chaohu Lake in the Yangtze-Huaihe region, China, which was used as rice paddy for many years, on the behavior of phosphorus. Redox potential (ORP), temperature and dissolved oxygen were monitored in situ from May 2006 to November 2007. Samples of soil pore water were collected during this time for the determination of different forms of iron and phosphorus. ORP showed a clear transition of the wetland soil from an oxidized state in winter to a reduced state in summer. The decrease of ORP correlated with the release of large amounts of Fe and P. The maxima of total dissolved Fe and total dissolved P in the summer of the second year were (13.8 ± 6.8) mg/L and (0.88 ± 0.27) mg/L, respectively. It is worth noticing that P concentration far exceeded the critical value of lake eutrophication (0.02 mg/L). The pressure of P release to the adjacent lake during the first two years of wetland restoration from rice fields should be taken into account by environmental policy makers.     

微生物燃料电池中生物阴极的研究与应用现状

在简要介绍了微生物燃料电池的发展背景、原理和发展趋势的基础上,重点概述了微生物燃料电池阴极的发展现状,特别是生物阴极的研究与应用现状,最后对其目前存在的主要问题进行了分析,并对其今后的发展提出了展望。     

上海海域溢油生态环境风险区划研究

上海海域海洋资源丰富,对于现今频发的溢油事故,开展相应的生态环境风险区划研究,对事故周边生态敏感资源采取及时有效防护,特别是饮用水源地的保护是尤为迫切和重要的。结合上海海域生态敏感资源分布情况和溢油特征信息,利用灰色模糊综合评价法,对海域生态敏感区敏感系数进行模糊评判,综合分析历年溢油事故及船舶流量统计资料,基于GIS平台对事故高发区污染源周边生态敏感区进行风险等级划分,以大比例尺上海海域溢油生态环境风险区划图直观反应溢油影响范围、高风险区和生态敏感资源保护顺序等信息,为事发后海域应急响应工作提供简便快捷的基础性分析依据。