稳定碳同位素在海洋倾倒活动监测中的应用

通过测定倾倒区海域沉积物,产品码头和原油码头的疏浚物的有机碳同位素,分析来自不同区域的样品同位素变化特征,结果显示各区域碳同位素值有较大的差别。倾倒区有机碳同位素在-22.95‰～-23.05‰之内变化;产品码头疏浚物有机碳同位素在-25.20‰～-23.50‰;原油码头疏浚物碳同位素在-22.35‰～-21.89‰。通过碳同位素变化特征可以界定悬沙大致扩散范围。经混合配比实验,得到碳同位素组成与配比系数之间的关系,由此可推算倾倒活动中各码头的倾倒量。     

Metal associations in anoxic sediments and changes following upland disposal†

The ecological effects of heavy metals in contaminated sediments are more determined by the chemical form and reactivity than by the level of accumulation. Dredging of anoxic sediments and disposal on land is attended by changes of redox conditions. Under oxidizing conditions some controlling solid compounds may change gradually thus changing the solubility of certain metals.

Chemical extraction experiments for estimating characteristic association forms of heavy metals in anoxic sediments were carried out, both under presence and absence of air during the analytical procedure. Drying of the sediment decreases the proportion of the sulfidic metal fractions to a stronger degree, and oxidized Cd and Zn are found in the most available, exchangeable fraction.

With respect to long‐term effects acidification of poorly buffered sludges after disposal on land is probably the most important factor affecting metal associations and mobility. For many metal examples a linear relationship has been found between decreasing pH values and increasing dissolved metal concentrations. To quantify these relationships and for better comparison of samples a simple test procedure is proposed which is based on pH differences before and after addition of acid.     

Cytotoxicity of benalaxyl,metalaxyl, and triadimefon on Chinese hamster ovary cells

The cytotoxicity of the fungicides benalaxyl, metalaxyl, and triadimefon was evaluated in vitro using the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cell line. The midpoint cytotoxicity values of neutral red (NR) incorporation (NRI₅₀), total cellular protein content (TCP₅₀), and the methyl tetrazolium assay (MTT₅₀) were estimated. Benalaxyl was the most cytotoxic fungicide, followed by metalaxyl and triadimefon. Fetal calf serum (10%) caused a reduction in benalaxyl, metalaxyl, and triadimefon cytotoxicity by factors of 1.8, 1.3, and 1.3. The effects of sublethal concentrations (NRI₂₅) of the three fungicides on the glutathione redox cycle components glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and total glutathione content were studied. The ameliorative effects of extracellular glutathione (1 mmol L^?1), vitamin C (70 µmol L^?1), and vitamin E (30 µmol L^?1) were also investigated. The three antioxidants led to significant effects on the glutathione redox cycle components.     

Biogeochemistry and cycling of zinc and copper in a dyked seasonally flooded savanna

There is very little information on the cycling of heavy metals in natural savannas. Venezuelan flooded savannas are characterised by acid soils with redox conditions which might induce Zn and Cu solubilisation. In those flooded savannas a network of small dykes has been constructed to control floods. The biomass accretion after dyking and the abundance of clay particles in the vertisols, dominant in the overflow plains, might be responsible for an increase in nutrient uptake and immobilisation. Due to the redox and pH conditions prevailing during flooding, some questions arise on the fate of the heavy metals. Are they significantly lost as soluble and particulate forms, which in turn, can induce a potential risk of microelement deficiency? Or, on the contrary, are heavy metal inputs in precipitation waters retained somewhere in the terrestrial pools of the watershed allowing for an adequate micronutrient economy? By using input-output budgets, which consider the total atmospheric input and total output in stream runoff (soluble and particulate) for zinc and copper we concluded that in Mantecal flooded savannas, a net accumulation of micronutrient in soils is actually occurring through organic and inorganic complexes, a process that is counterbalanced by the losses of particulates through erosion.     

Leaching Characteristics of Lead and Cadmium From Waste-To-Energy Residues in Sea Water

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine leaching characteristics of waste-to-energy (WTE) residues in sea water to provide initial evaluation on the potential impact of WTE residues on the marine environment. Both loose and stabilized WTE residues were investigated for the leachability of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in sea water. Results of the study showed that loose WTE fly ash was very reactive in sea water; release of Pb and Cd occurred immediately (<0.5 hr) after the ash came in contact with sea water. Stabilization (treated with Portland cement and other additives), however, significantly reduced leaching of Cd and Pb. While ocean disposal of untreated WTE residues would not be advisable, utilization of stabilized WTE residues for beneficial uses should be investigated.     

Terpenylnaphthoquinones are reductively activated by NADH/NADH dehydrogenase

Novel terpenylnaphthoquinones were found to enhance the rate of oxygen consumption in the presence of NADH/NADH dehydrogenase in 1?:?1?v/v mixtures of 40?mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and DMSO. Initial rates of oxygen consumption increase with an increase in the half-wave reduction potentials of the quinones. The amounts of spin trapped methyl radicals in the presence of DMSO, produced through the Haber–Weiss reaction of the oxygen consumption process, and of the corresponding semiquinones, generated under anaerobic conditions, also correlate with the quinone redox potential. Since this enzymatic system is found in mitochondria, a possible pathway in the cytotoxic activity of these terpenylnaphthoquinones could be the interference or inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by NADH depletion or by mitochondrial degradation due to reactive oxygen species generation.     

Mercury exposure in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients from Ganga plain region in India: A retrospective study

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive disorder that usually runs a fatal course within 2–5 years of onset, is characterized by loss of motor neurons in the cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord. In this study mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined in blood samples of 40 ALS patients, of whom 24 ALS patients were from the Ganga plain region and their metal levels were found to be significantly higher. In contrast, Hg levels in the 16 ALS patients from non-Ganga plain regions whose levels were similar to those of the control subjects. Mercury in stream water samples and freshly deposited stream sediment were determined in the locations of patients’ native residences along the Ganga plain region and metal levels were found to be higher than the threshold guideline values for Hg in stream waters recommended by WHO. The geo-accumulation index in selected sites of freshly deposited stream sediment ranged from moderate to highly polluted. The high levels of Hg observed in ALS patients may potentially alter the redox status of neuronal cell components and induce cell-death pathways.     

PRECIPITATION DIFFERENCES AMONGST GCMs USED FOR THE U.S. NATIONAL ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Two general circulation models (GCMs) used in the U.S. national assessment of the potential consequences of climate variability and change (CGCM1 and HadCM2) show a large increase in precipitation in the future over the southwestern U.S., particularly during winter. This precipitation increase is an extension of a larger region of increased precipitation in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of North America that is associated with a deepened and southward-shifted Aleutian Low, a weaker subtropical high, and warmer sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The models differ in their simulation of precipitation anomalies over the southeastern U.S., with CGCM1 showing drier conditions and HadCM2 showing wetter conditions in the future. While both models show decreased frequency of Atlantic storms, consistent with decreased meridional and land/sea temperature gradients, the more coastal position of the storm track in CGCM1 results in less precipitation than modern along the eastern seaboard of the U.S. During summer, differences in land surface models within the two GCMs sometimes lead to differences in soil moisture that feed back to the precipitation over land due to available moisture.     

台湾海峡区域防灾减灾信息服务系统研究

台湾海峡及其周边海域是我国海洋灾害发生的重点区域,充分利用我国在该区域投入巨资构建的海洋动力环境实时立体监测系统所获取的海洋动力参数数据,构建区域性防灾减灾信息服务系统具有重要的意义.从台湾海峡海洋动力环境立体监测数据防灾减灾应用和网络服务角度出发,提出了防灾减灾信息服务的数据服务、信息服务和决策服务等3个层次的划分方法,研究了基于数据仓库、XML、中间件和基于地球球体模型的三维可视化等的服务技术实现策略.提出的防灾减灾信息服务系统构建技术充分考虑了不间用户的应用需求,并通过工程化实践提升了我国海洋动力环境立体监测信息的广泛共享和深度应用的层次.     

氧化还原介体强化厌氧活性污泥发酵产氢特征

为提高厌氧污泥的发酵产氢能力,采用间歇培养方式考察了氧化还原介体(ROMs)对厌氧污泥发酵葡萄糖产氢效能的影响,并通过川umina MiSeq测序揭示了ROMs对微生物群落的影响.结果 表明,在发酵液体积为100mL及葡萄糖初始浓度500mg/L条件下,对照的累计产氢量和最大产氢速率(Rmax)分别为11.0mL和0....