Anoxic biodegradation of dimethyl phthalate （DMP） by activated sludge cultures under nitrate-reducing conditions

Worldwide extensive use of plasticized plastics has resulted in phthalates pollution in different environment. Nitrates from industry and agriculture are also widely disseminated in the soils, natural waters and wastewaters. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) biodegradation by activated sludge cultures under nitrate-reducing conditions was investigated. Under one optimized condition, DMP was biodegraded from 102.20 mg/L to undetectable level in 56 h under anoxic conditions and its reaction fitted well with the first-order kinetics. Using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, mono-methyl phthalate (MMP) and phthalic acid (PA) were detected as the major intermediates of DMP biodegradation. When combined with the determination of chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) removal capacity and pH, DMP was found to be mineralized completely under anoxic conditions. The biodegradation pathway was proposed as DMP → MMP → PA → … → CO2 H2O.The molar ratio of DMP to nitrate consumed was found to be 9.0:1, which agrees well with the theoretical stoichiometric values of DMP biodegradation by nitrate-reducing bacteria. The results of the non-linear simulation showed that the optimum pH and temperature for the degradation were 7.56 and 31.4℃, respectively.     

水体系中3种常见邻苯二甲酸酯的光化学降解研究

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,研究了不同介质、光源、起始浓度、H2O2浓度等对3种常见邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)光化学降解过程的影响,并对邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)光降解的中间产物进行了检测,提出了可能发生的降解路径.结果表明:在不同介质中,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)在Millipore-Q水中降解速度最快,而DEHP在天然海水中降解速度最快;3种PAEs在紫外灯照射下比模拟日光下降解速度快;相同紫外光照条件下,不同初始浓度的DMP、DEP和DEHP在研究浓度范围内(0.5~10μg·L-1)的光降解率随着浓度的增加呈现减小趋势;此外,体系中H2O2的存在会明显加快PAEs的降解速率;通过GC-MS分析,检测出了DEHP在UV/H2O2条件下降解产生的中间产物,并且发现DEHP是从侧链开始降解的.     

表面活性剂光催化降解动力学研究

为了研究光催化法对不同电荷类型表面活性剂的降解性能,在紫外光照射下,用TiO2光催化剂对阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)、阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和两性表面活性剂十八烷基甜菜碱(BS18)进行降解试验.同时,探讨了TiO2光催化剂加入量、表面活性剂初始质量浓度及初始pH对光降解的影响及其动力学过程.结果表明,3种表面活性剂的降解行为符合准一级动力学规律,3种表面活性剂降解速率快慢顺序为:BS18CTABSDS.SDS和BS18的最佳TiO2催化剂用量为1 g.L-1,而CTAB的最优用量为2g.L-1;CTAB和BS18的光降解速率随着活性剂初始质量浓度的增大而线性减小,SDS的降解速率则随活性剂初始质量浓度的增加而缓慢增大;CTAB和BS18在偏碱性条件下降解最快,而SDS在弱酸条件下具有最大的动力学降解速率.     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯在颗粒活性炭中的穿透特性

在25℃条件下,研究了颗粒活性炭(GAC)对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）的动态吸附特性及其影响因素.在不同进水流量（0.65～4 mL·min^-1）、GAC粒径（550～1　250　μm）、DMP初始浓度（50～400　mg·L^-1）和GAC炭量（0.75～1.4 g）条件下,考察了DMP在GAC柱中的穿透特性.研究表明,GAC对DMP的吸附容量较大,Yoon-Nelson模型能够很好地拟合各种工况下的动态穿透曲线;动态吸附容量随着进水流量和GAC粒径的增大而减小,相反,随着DMP初始浓度和GAC炭量的增大而增大.根据试验数据和Yoon-Nelson模型计算出穿透参数K′、T和穿透点t₁以及平衡点t₂.在建立了各影响因素与Yoon-Nelson穿透模型参数之间的关系基础上,得到了活性炭柱出水浓度与穿透时间和各影响因素之间的动态关系模型.     

Combustion features under different center of heat release of a diesel engine using dimethyl carbonate/diesel blend

Experiments were performed in a single cylinder common-rail diesel engine that adopts a low temperature premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) mode. Combustion features of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)-diesel blends under various centers of heat release (COHRs) were revealed in details. With retarding of COHR, all the peaks of pressure and pressure rise rate and bulk gas temperature are postponed and declined in sequence. Normally, the crank angle of peak pressure is quite close to the COHR, while the peak of bulk gas temperature appears about 7°CA after COHR as a rule. The prolongation can be demonstrated at every stage of combustion such as q₁₀ and q₉₀ with the COHR being put backward. In addition, the heat release of diesel is completely slower than that of D10 fuel at various stages. Unfortunately, retarding of COHR implies a declining thermal efficiency of engines as well as a higher cyclic variation in general. Nevertheless, D10 blend has higher thermal efficiency than diesel thanks to high oxygen content of DMC and low boiling point that prompts better fuel atomization and complete combustion. Meanwhile, the cyclical variation of D10 is greater than diesel fuel owing to the low heat value, high latent heat of vaporization, and poor flammability of DMC. As a total, a comprehensive understanding of PCCI combustion features under different COHRs can be conducive to conducting effective management of combustion process and manipulating the subsequent emission performance to a favorable level.     

糠醛衍生-气相色谱/质谱法测定地表水中的肼和偏二甲基肼

建立了糠醛衍生-气相色谱/质谱法测定地表水中肼和偏二甲基肼两种肼类化合物的方法,优化了实验条件.在200mL水样(pH=7)中加入10mL0.05g/mL的糠醛衍生试剂,室温下反应2h,用15mL二氯甲烷萃取10min,氮吹至1.0mL后进样分析.本方法在0～100μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数大于0.996.检出限...     

利用黄磷尾气生产二甲醚的初步研究

生产lt黄磷要排放250Nm^3-3000Nm^3尾气，经过尾气净化和精制、甲醇合成和甲醇催化脱水等工艺，可利用黄磷尾气制取二甲醚。以年产5千t的黄磷厂为例，每年可减少1280万Nm^3尾气排放，从而减少3．63t硫、3．47t磷和0．14t氟排入空中，同时可生产二甲醚3500t、甲醇500t。本方法技术上可行，经济效益良好，环境效益显著。     

好氧颗粒污泥降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的影响因素研究

本文研究了好氧颗粒污泥系统中,温度、pH、曝气强度、邻苯二酸(Phthalic Acid,PA)及氨氮(NH3-N)对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Phthahte,DMP)降解效果的影响,结果表明:好氧颗粒污泥降解DMP的最佳温度、最佳PH值范围、最佳曝气强度分别为25℃～45℃、7.0 ～9.0、1.38 cm/s.当PA浓度为100 mg/L、300 mg/L,PA对DMP降解起促进作用;当PA浓度为500 mg/L、800 mg/L,PA对DMP降解起抑制作用.进水中50 mg/L的氨氮浓度对DMP降解的影响不大.本研究中采用的19种运行工况条件中,除曝气强度为0.33 cm/s以外,其他18种运行工况条件下,当运行时间达到300 min时,DMP的浓度都小于1.0 mg/L,因此,当水力停留时间达到5h以上时,温度、pH、PA、氨氮对DMP降解速率的影响基本上可以忽略不计.     

PODE掺混比对电控共轨柴油机排放特性的影响

为了降低柴油机排放、提高热效率,将体积分数为10%、20%、30%和70%的聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)掺混于柴油中制得PODE/柴油混合燃料,标记为P10、P20、P30和P70,在一台四缸增压中冷电控共轨柴油机上开展了PODE掺混比对混合燃料燃油经济性与排放特性的试验,并采用热重分析仪研究了混合燃料的蒸发性能。结果表明:随PODE掺混比增加混合燃料的初始失重温度、终止失重温度和峰值失重温度均向低温区域偏移,峰值失重率增大;随PODE掺混比增加,柴油机的排气温度降低,有效热效率显著提升,混合燃料的HC、CO和烟度排放逐渐降低,而NOx排放有所增加;在ESC试验循环下P30的HC、CO和PM排放量较柴油分别降低了25%、16%和51%,均低于国V排放限值,且CO2排放量也明显减小。     

Betaine accumulation and the change of betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in barley seedlings under KCl and NaCl stress

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