臭气强度在恶臭污染物环境空气影响中的应用研究

以兰州某石化公司化工污水处理厂恶臭治理项目为例,在确定恶臭气体的污染源源强的基础上,采用AERMOD模式预测污染物扩散情况。结果表明,添置除臭装置后,NH3的臭气浓度减少了90%,VOCs的臭气浓度减少了88%。同时,当恶臭污染物浓度达到环境质量浓度标准时,NH3的臭气强度为1．40级,VOCs的臭气强度为0．82级,人们仍能感觉到气味。因此石化企业在进行恶臭治理过程中需综合考虑污染物的环境空气质量浓度标准和臭气强度,以期改善环境空气质量。     

不同无害化处理对污泥中有机组分的影响

以城市污泥为材料,研究了热喷、辐射和堆肥 3 种无害化处理方式对污泥中有机组分形态的影响.结果表明,污泥中的有机组分经过热喷和辐射处理后,易降解物含量增加,难降解物含量降低;而堆肥处理则相反.污泥总氮的 70%~80%是有机氮,热喷、辐射处理使污泥中的有机氮向易矿化态转变,易矿化态氮含量较处理前分别增加 8.0%和 6.5%;而堆肥处理使污泥中的有机氮向难矿化态转变,难矿化态氮含量增加了 4.1%.经热喷、辐射处理后污泥中有机磷的活性显著提高,但堆肥处理降低了污泥中有机磷的活性.热喷、辐射处理使得污泥中水溶性有机物的大分子组分向小分子组分转化,堆肥处理则与之相反.因此,经热喷、辐射处理的污泥的供肥效果优于堆肥处理.     

生活垃圾填埋场恶臭污染的时空变化与膜阻隔效果

为探究生活垃圾填埋场恶臭污染的源特征和时空变化规律,采样分析了东部沿海某填埋场不同暴露状态填埋区域冬夏两季的昼夜间气体样品.定量检测到的各种恶臭物质合计浓度最高可达60000 μg·m^-3,夏季检出的恶臭物质种类多于冬季,且各采样点平均浓度高于冬季30~300倍,其中,硫系物高于冬季4.7~136.7倍.含氧化合物是物质浓度最高的恶臭组分,各采样点硫系物合计浓度不足恶臭物质合计浓度的10%,但换算的理论恶臭浓度贡献率超过理论恶臭合计浓度的90%,甲硫醇和丙硫醇等硫系物是填埋场恶臭污染的关键物质.填埋单元覆膜后堆体表层恶臭物质浓度和理论恶臭浓度随时间呈现出一定的上升趋势,说明覆膜具有一定的恶臭阻隔效果,但填埋单元仍有较大的恶臭释放潜力.相似度分析显示,作业后临时覆盖和未抽气区盖膜单元内累积的恶臭气体可以通过膜搭接缝隙和膜破裂位置等处释放至环境,导致填埋场周边夜间恶臭污染高于白天.     

废旧电脑主板元器件拆卸技术概述

拆卸废旧电脑主板上的元器件是废旧电脑板卡资源化的一个重要工序。介绍了电脑主板的组成及元器件贴装技术，分析了国内外电路板元器件拆卸技术的发展，并对研究高效无损的元器件拆卸技术提出了建议。     

The Merseyside Accident Information Model (MAIM) can reveal components of accidents that lead to attendance at fracture clinics and cause disability: a new approach to accident prevention

The objectives of this study were to identify components of accidents that cause the most disability and to discover the principal sources of injuries treated in the fracture clinics. Patients attending fracture clinics of the Royal Liverpool University Hospital were interviewed using a portable computer-based questionnaire, the Merseyside Accident Information Model (MAIM). Patients were followed up by telephone interview or letter to enquire about disability continuing after discharge. Disability was measured by the pre-accident to post-discharge changes in scores for 11 normal functions. Of the 1326 patients interviewed, 900 (68%) were successfully followed up and 37% reported disability after discharge. First events ‘tripping’, ‘slipping’ and ‘other underfoot events’ accounted for 433 patients (194 reporting disability), and ‘collapsed/fainted — no other event' for 66 patients (27 reporting disability). Activities at the time of accident most frequently associated with disability involved moving about on foot. Among first event objects, ground surfaces and underfoot hazards were reported in 35%. Sources of injuries included underfoot accidents (48%), sport (13%), and transport accidents (12%.). Underfoot accidents contributed to 58% of patients reporting disability, sport 6% and transport accidents 11%. Underfoot accidents together with ‘collapsed/fainted — no other event’ accounted for 79% of female patients reporting disability and 50% of men. Such data could be used for cost-effective targeting of preventative measures, and to study the effectiveness of accident prevention initiatives.     

State-of-the-art of ecological modelling with emphasis on development of structural dynamic models

The paper deals with two major problems in ecological modelling today, namely how to get reliable parameters? and how to build ecosystem properties into our models? The use of new mathematical tools to answer these questions is mentioned briefly, but the main focus of the paper is on development of structural dynamic models which are models using goal functions to reflect a current change of the properties of the biological components in the models. These changes of the properties are due to the enormous adaptability of the biological components to the prevailing conditions. All species in an ecosystem attempt to obtain most biomass, i.e. to move as far away as possible from thermodynamic equilibrium which can be measured by the thermodynamic concept exergy. Consequently, exergy has been proposed as a goal function in ecological models with dynamic structure, meaning currently changed properties of the biological components and in model language currently changed parameters. An equation to compute an exergy index of a model is presented. The theoretical considerations leading to this equation are not presented here but references to literature where the basis theory can be found are given. Two case studies of structural dynamic modelling are presented: a shallow lake where the structural dynamic changes have been determined before the model was developed, and the application of biomanipulation in lake management, where the structural dynamic changes are generally known. Moreover. it is also discussed how the same idea of using exergy as a goal function in ecological modelling may be applied to facilitate the estimation of parameters.     

Preventive control of odor emissions through manipulation of operational parameters during the active phase of composting

Better understanding of the effects of key operational parameters or environmental factors on odor emission is of critical importance for minimizing the generation of composting odors. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to examine the effects of various operating conditions on odor emissions. The results revealed that airflow rates that were too high or too low could result in higher total odor emissions. An optimal flowrate for odor control would be approximately 0.6 L/min.kg dry matter with intermittent aeration and a duty cycle of 33%. Temperature setpoint at 60°C appeared to be a turning point for odor emission. Below this point, odor emissions increased with increasing temperature setpoint; conversely, odor emissions decreased with increasing temperature setpoint above this point. With regard to the composting material properties, odor emissions were greatly affected by the initial moisture content of feedstock. Both peak odor concentration and emission rate generally increased with higher initial moisture content. Odor emission was significant only at moisture levels higher than 65%. An initial moisture level below 45% is not recommended due to concern with the resulting lower degree of biodegradation. Biodegradable volatile solids content (BVS) of feedstock had pronounced effect on odor emissions. Peak odor concentration and emission rate increased dramatically as BVS increased from 45% to 65%, thus, total odor emission increased exponentially with BVS.     

粪尿分集全方位负压排臭生态卫生旱厕应用实例

介绍了粪尿分集生态卫生旱厕的特点及应用效果，该厕能节约和保护水资源，排泄物可再次利用，能形成可持续的完整的生态系统。具有较好的发展前景。     

泥炭生物脱臭技术研究

本文介绍生物脱臭的应用及其原理；并以自采的泥炭为载体，以硫化氢氧为试验气体，进行原始泥炭以及经过各种处理后泥炭臭性能的对比试验，由试验证明泥 一种比较理想的脱臭生物载体。     

丹东市区酸雨状况综述

通过对丹东市区降水时间及空间变化趋势的分析,总结酸雨污染现状,找出丹东市区酸雨变化特征。