生活垃圾堆肥恶臭气体的生物滴滤净化性能研究

城市生活垃圾生物处理过程中会产生并散发大量的恶臭物质. 以纤维表面活性炭(ACOF)生物滴滤器(BTF)为载体,以进气风量及循环液流量为调控参数,对城市生活垃圾生化预处理过程中散发的恶臭气体进行现场试验. 结果表明:高气力负荷时,生物滴滤器对恶臭气体具有较好的净化效果.在空塔气速为1 274 m/h,液气比为1 L/m3左右时,总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)的去除率可保持在70%以上,而臭气浓度的去除率也大于70%,设备压降为2 150 Pa左右,总挥发性有机物(以异丁烯计)的消除能力可达130 g/(m3·h). BTF运行过程中压降保持相对稳定,循环液中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₃-N)未出现明显的累积现象,说明BTF对于污染物有良好的降解能力.      

Effect of activated sludge treatment on the formation of Nnitrosamines under different chloramination conditions

Municipal wastewater discharge is considered as one of the main sources of N-nitrosamine precursors which can impact the qualities of downstream source waters and reclaimed wastewaters for potable reuse. NNitrosamine precursors can be removed to various degrees during biological wastewater treatment (e.g., the activated sludge (AS) process). So far, little is known about the impact of the AS process on N-nitrosamine formation under practical disinfection condition (e.g., uniform formation condition (UFC)). In this study, N-nitrosamine UFC from selected model compounds, sewage components (i.e., blackwaters and greywaters) and sewage samples were comprehensively investigated during batch AS treatment tests. NNitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation from the tested precursor compounds (i.e., trimethylamine (TMA) and sumatriptan (SMTR)) under UFC chloramination decreased mostly after 6 or 24 hr treatment with different types of AS (i.e., domestic rural AS, domestic urban AS, and textile AS), and the reductions in NDMA UFC were comparable to their NDMA formation potential (FP) reductions. In urine and feces blackwaters, NDMA UFC increased after 6 or 24 hr treatment with the domestic (i.e., rural and urban) AS, while NDMA FP decreased substantially. The increases in NDMA UFC after AS treatment was presumably attributed to the removal of bulk organic matters (e.g., dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) which favored NDMA formation under UFC. On the other hand, in laundry greywaters having relatively abundant DOC, N-nitrosamine UFC was less affected by DOC removal before or after AS treatment, but decreased to similar degrees with N-nitrosamine FP. In sewage samples collected from wastewater treatment plants, N-nitrosamines UFC tended to increase or remain constant during AS treatment, despite the decreases in their FPs. These results suggest that biological wastewater treatment (e.g., the AS process) may not effectively reduce N-nitrosamine formation (e.g., measured under UFC) partially because the concurrent removal of bulk organic matters (e.g., DOC) favored N-nitrosamine formation in s econdary effluents.     

日本恶臭排放标准体系研究及对中国的借鉴

日本是世界上第一个对恶臭防治进行立法的国家,经过50多年的发展,日本形成了以“22种特定恶臭物质”和“臭气指数”为管控指标的恶臭排放标准体系,对产生恶臭企业的厂界、排气筒和外排水进行排放管控。本文着重介绍两类管控指标在三个管控点位排放标准的制定依据和计算方法,这是日本恶臭排放标准体系精细化程度高、基础研究扎实的具体体现,对我国的标准制定和恶臭基础研究具有很强的借鉴意义。日本以“不引起周边居民反感”的臭气强度范围2.5～3.5作为厂界排放标准限值制定依据,通过对特定恶臭物质/臭气指数与臭气强度的关系研究,制定厂界排放标准范围,并且规定市区町村根据地区自然和社会条件,因地制宜制定地方标准。日本排气筒排放限值依据厂界限值通过模型计算得到,受地形、天气等因素影响,一厂一标准。臭气指数的外排水标准通过厂界限值计算得到,特定恶臭物质的外排水标准限值通过研究恶臭物质在水和大气中的影响关系得到。我国国标制定了排放标准的下限,各省（区、市）在国标基础上制定了更为严格的排放标准。日本1313个市区町村在国法的范围内制定了地方标准,而我国的恶臭地方标准非常少。我国同时执行8项特定恶臭物质和臭气浓度标准,并规...     

输送、滞留叠加海上回流的长时间沙尘天气影响判断及贡献分析

于2019年10月15日～11月7日对上海大气中颗粒物的质量浓度和PM2.5的化学组分进行了在线连续观测,期间,华东地区遭遇了一次大范围的沙尘过程.根据相关规定,结合沙尘示踪组分和WRF-CMAQ 数值模拟,将观测过程分为4 个阶段:沙尘前、沙尘I(输送和滞留过程)、沙尘Ⅱ(海上回流和清除过程)和沙尘后.基于相关规定、...