微生物菌剂对油脂废水除臭的工艺条件试验研究

利用微生物菌剂对某油脂工业的油脂废水进行除臭处理,通过研究微生物接种量、反应时间、pH值、培养温度等环境因素对高嗅阈值的油脂废水除臭效果的影响,确定出最佳运行条件。实验结果表明,在菌体接种量为1.0%,pH 8.0,温度为35℃的条件下,除臭效果最好,处理后的嗅阈值仅为16,达到国家二级排放标准(GB14554-1993)。     

Threat-sensitive generalization of predator recognition by larval amphibians

Despite the importance of acquired predator recognition in mediating predator–prey interactions, we know little about the specific characteristics that prey use to distinguish predators from non-predators. Recent experiments with mammals and fish indicate that some prey lacking innate predator recognition have the ability to display anti-predator responses upon their first encounter with those predators if they are similar to predators that the prey has recently learned to recognize. This phenomenon is referred to as generalization of predator recognition. In this experiment, we documented for the first time that larval amphibians (woodfrog, Rana sylvatica) have the ability to generalize the recognition of known predators to closely related novel predators. Moreover, we demonstrated that this ability is dependent on the level of risk associated with the known predator. When red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster (known predator), was paired with simulated low risk, tadpoles displayed fright responses to newts and novel tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum, but not to novel African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis. However, when the newt was paired with simulated high risk, tadpoles generalized their responses to both tiger salamanders and African clawed frogs. Larval anurans seem to have a wider generalization frame than other animals.     

TiO_2纳米管的制备和光催化降解有毒有机污染物

采用水热法制备TiO2纳米管,利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对TiO2纳米管进行表征.并以有机染料罗丹明B(RhB)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)进行光催化反应,结果表明,TiO2纳米管催化剂对RhB和2,4-DCP有很好的降解效果.通过紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、红外光谱(FTIR)分析和总有机碳(TOC)测定,发现TiO2纳米管/UV体系能使RhB和2,4-DCP发生有效的降解,反应12h后,RhB和2,4-DCP的矿化率分别达到100%和97.12%.同时,采用辣根过氧化物酶(POD)、N,N-二乙基对苯二胺(DPD)分光光度法和苯甲酸荧光光度法分别测定了降解过程中H202和羟基自由基(·OH)的变化,表明TiO2纳米管光催化机理涉及到·OH历程.     

欧美新污染物监测进展及启示

新污染物监测是新污染物环境和健康风险评估及管控的重要基础。欧美发达国家环保部门在20世纪70年代就开展了新污染物监测工作,并且2000年后形成了相应的监测制度,而我国新污染物监测工作正处于业务化起步阶段。通过深入调研欧美国家水中新污染物监测为主的发展历程、监测清单、监测要求等内容,总结出3个特点:建立动态更新的新污染物清单监测机制;将规范的新污染物监测方法作为开展监测的重要前提;充分考虑监测可行性和经济成本。结合我国现阶段新污染物监管需求及监测现状,提出我国新污染物监测工作的3点建议:明晰国家、地方新污染物监测的职责分工,建立优先监测新污染物清单动态更新机制;加强新污染物监测能力建设,建立新污染物监测标准体系;循序渐进开展新污染物监测,注重监测的可行性和可持续性。     

Advances on Toxicological Mechanism of AhR Pathway and Early Biomonitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)in Aquatic Animals

过去30年,随着工农业的不断发展,由持久性有机污染物(POPs)导致的癌症患者不断增加.目前POPs已广泛存在于水生态系统中,对水生动物的生长发育、种群繁衍、群落结构等产生重要影响.虽然POPs对水生动物的毒理机制非常复杂,但研究表明其毒理机制主要通过芳香烃受体通道(Ah Rpathway)来进行调控.为全面理解水生动物AhR通道中每一个基因在毒理调控过程中的作用,论文从水生动物芳香烃通道的角度详细阐述了POPs的毒理机制,同时对水生动物中POPs的早期监测进行了讨论,最后提出了未来POPs毒理机制研究的发展方向.     

应用紫外及荧光光谱法研究三种醛类污染物对牛腺DNA的损伤作用

应用紫外光谱移动法和溴乙锭荧光法对三种醛类化合物与牛腺ＤＮＡ的加合以及它们引起的ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ交联进行了检测。结果表明,甲醛和乙醛能够与ＤＮＡ形成共价加合物,与四种脱氧核苷加合顺序分别为ｄＧ〉ｄＣ〉ｄＡ〉ｄＴ和ｄＡ〉ｄＧ〉ｄＣ〉ｄＴ,丙烯醛与ＤＮＡ的加合不能用紫外光谱移动法测定。甲醛能够显著地引起ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ的交联;乙醛也有这种作用,但不显著;丙烯醛的交联作用未测出,可能是由于羰基碳正电性较弱,     

Some aspects of boundary layer evolution in Mexico City

Measurements of chemical species and meteorological parameters were made at a site located 440 m above the mean basin level of Mexico City, over a two-week period in November during Project Azteca. Data from three of the stations of Mexico City's air quality monitoring network (Red Automática de Monitoreo Ambiental, RAMA) were also used to estimate the dilution in concentration experienced by pollutants as they are transported upslope during the course of the day. Both carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide show a dilution of up to 50%, while ozone is usually more concentrated at the elevated site. These comparisons clearly highlight the intrinsic differences between primary and secondary gases, which are supported also by time–space, cross correlation analysis. The thermal mesoscale wind circulation dominates concentrations of pollutants at the research site: upslope during the day and downslope during the night. The data present clear evidence that downslope flows during the night contribute to ozone concentration at basin sites.     

用于监测环境中酪氨酸酶抑制剂的植物组织电极

根据二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸盐、硫脲或苯甲酸等环境污染物质对蘑菇富含的酪氨酸酶所产生的抑制作用,研制了将蘑菇固定在碳糊而成的植物组织电极,用来有效地监测上述酪氨酸酶抑制剂．当存在酶的底物儿茶酚时,在该蘑菇组织电极上通过批量加入以及流动注射两种实验方式进行电流分析测定,结果表明这种生物传感器价廉、灵敏、快速、操作简易(无须温育)等,可用于现场环境监测 另外,还对申极制作条件诸如蘑菇用量及蘑菇切片部位等因素对电极行为的影响进行了研究．     

天津市陆源污染物允许排海量的研究

渤海近岸海域污染已是约环渤海地区社会经济的发展。本文对配合天津市主要污染物总量控制,对天津市陆源主要污染物允许排海量的功能区划原则,水环境主要污染物,总量,主要污染物允许排海量的数学模型,陆源主要污染物允许排海量的计算依据等进行了阐述,同时对主要排污口主要污染物允许排海量及其消减量进行了计算。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and associated human daily intake assessment considering bioaccessibility measured by simulated gastrointestinal digestion

The concentrations of PBDEs in 299 vegetable and animal-based food samples of 31 species, collected in Shanghai, China, and the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in part of the samples were determined. The PBDE concentrations ranged from 0 to 1245.4 pg g⁻¹ with animal-based food containing more PBDEs than vegetables. The bioaccessibility of PBDEs, determined by a method simulating human gastrointestinal digestion process, were from 2.6% to 39.9% in vegetables, and from 5.2% to 105.3% in animal-based food. For animal-based food, good correlations were observed between the bioaccessibility of PBDEs and the fat content, thus the fat content in animal-based food was able to be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. The total daily intake of PBDEs via ingestion of vegetables and animal-based food for an average Shanghai resident was estimated as 13 235.7 and 13 668.0 pg d⁻¹, respectively, but the amounts available for human absorption were reduced to 2674.4 and 4316.6 pg d⁻¹ after the PBDE bioaccessibility was considered. Finally, the contributions of different food groups to the total daily intake of PBDEs were evaluated. The results revealed that, when not considering the bioaccessibility of PBDEs, vegetables were the leading contributor (49.2%), followed by fish (34.0%). However, the sequence was reversed after the PBDE bioaccessibility was taken into account. The results indicated that human exposure to PBDEs via food ingestion might have been significantly overestimated and the exposure assessment could be misleading if the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was not considered.