草型清水态维持与长效运行的营养盐响应机制——以滇池大型围隔试验为例

为探究湖泊水体生态修复工程中草型清水态维持与长效运行的营养盐响应机制,利用滇池草海建立的大型原位试验围隔,采用非参数突变点分析法(nCPA)及临界指示物种分析法(TITAN),探究了叶绿素a、浊度、透明度和浮游植物的营养盐阈值.结果表明,草型清水态维持与长效运行较为成功的围隔,其藻类的叶绿素a含量虽然明显较低,但在夏季时蓝藻门仍占绝对优势.原位生态围隔叶绿素a响应TN的阈值为1.423mg/L,响应TP的阈值为0.103mg/L.水体透明度响应TN的阈值为1.684mg/L,响应TP的阈值为0.103mg/L.各围隔总磷含量的平均值均大于或等于0.226mg/L,B1、B3、B8围隔后期处于清水态,其TN平均值都低于或等于1.42mg/L, B5、A1、A2、A3、A4围隔后期处于浊水态,其TN平均值都高于或等于1.78mg/L.这表明在滇池水华重灾区实施水体生态修复工程时,应首要考虑TN的影响,在TP含量严重超出阈值的情况下,如果TN处于一个较低水平,也能维持湖泊水体草型清水态的长效运行,并实现湖泊水体由藻型浊水态向草型清水态的转换.     

Variability of sediment-contact tests in freshwater sediments with low-level anthropogenic contamination - Determination of toxicity thresholds

Freshwater sediments with low levels of anthropogenic contamination and a broad range of geochemical properties were investigated using various sediment-contact tests in order to study the natural variability and to define toxicity thresholds for the various toxicity endpoints. Tests were performed with bacteria (Arthrobacter globiformis), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans), oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus), higher plants (Myriophyllum aquaticum), and the eggs of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The variability in the response of some of the contact tests could be explained by particle size distribution and organic content. Only for two native sediments could a pollution effect not be excluded. Based on the minimal detectable difference (MDD) and the maximal tolerable inhibition (MTI), toxicity thresholds (% inhibition compared to the control) were derived for each toxicity parameter: >20% for plant growth and fish-egg survival, >25% for nematode growth and oligochaete reproduction, >50% for nematode reproduction and >60% for bacterial enzyme activity.     

Three Critical Issues in Sustainable Development Studies and the Transition Development of China

The core issue for China transition development in the next 30 years is to shift from the quantity growth model to the quality improvement model. The paper introduces the research progress in three key areas of sustainable development studies since the 1990s. It is pointed out that there is a well-being thresh-old at which the margin utility of economic growth for human well-being will decline, that there is an ecological limit beyond which more economic growth in terms of physical scale will be impossible, and that the creation of human well-being is related not only to the amount but also to the structure and efficiency of public expenditure from government. After an in-depth discussion on facts, origins and policy implications of each issue, some theory and policy thinking with long-lasting significance are raised for the transition development of China.     

基于城镇化门槛模型的中国OFDI的碳排放效应研究

由于以城镇化为重点的经济发展被视为对外直接投资的基本条件,且城镇化、跨国投资的碳排放效应在现有文献中已被证实,构建包含以上三者的一体化分析框架是本文的主要目标。在我国新型城镇化发展背景下,研究如何更好通过"走出去"来实现城镇碳减排和经济集约化发展,具有必要性和现实意义。基于此,本文采用2003—2012年间中国30个省份的面板数据,在探讨各城镇化阶段对外直接投资影响母国碳排放发生机制的基础上,通过构建城镇化面板门槛模型和碳排放拓展模型,对中国城镇化进程中对外直接投资的碳排放效应的阶段性差异及其产生原因进行实证分析。研究表明,对外直接投资的碳排放效应存在城镇化率门槛值的制约,处于中高城镇化阶段的地区通过对外直接投资降低城镇碳排放水平的效果较之于处于低城镇化阶段的地区更为显著。具体看来,在中游城镇化率区段,对外直接投资能实现过剩产能输出和产业链升级,规模效应和结构效应构成了对外直接投资的碳排放效应的传导路径;在高度城镇化率区段,对外直接投资能实现污染密集型产业输出和技术溢出,规模效应和技术效应则构成了对外直接投资的碳排放效应的传导路径。进一步对城镇化集聚成本门槛效应分析发现,对外直接投资的规模效应、结构效应和技术效应分别是高度城镇化人口拥挤成本、竞争加剧成本和环境治理成本阶段的碳排放水平下降的主要原因。这意味着,要想充分发挥对外直接投资对碳减排的作用,城镇化率较高的地区尤其需要"因势利导"加快传统产业资本输出,优化资源配置和推动结构升级,实施创新驱动发展战略。同时,城镇化率较低的地区则应在工业化过程中,注意避免沦为高碳产业资本的污染"避难所"。     

Nest separation and the dynamics of the Gestalt odor in the polydomous ant Cataglyphis iberica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

In the polydomous ant species Cataglyphis iberica, nests belonging to the same colony are completely separated during hibernation. In order to examine whether this separation induces changes both in the hydrocarbon profile and in recognition ability between adult nestmates, we separated groups of workers for several months under two different conditions: at hibernation temperature and at room temperature. At room temperature, recognition remained unchanged but separation led to longer mutual antennations relative to non-separated controls. When half of a colony was placed under hibernation conditions, antennal interactions also increased in duration and a few aggressive interactions emerged between separated ants. This aggressiveness never reached the intercolonial level observed in this species. In both cases, the hydrocarbon profiles showed differences between individuals after separation while remaining homogeneous within each nest. This chemical modification may induce the longer antennations observed. After separated groups were reunited, individuals recovered their previous antennation pattern and a convergence in hydrocarbon profiles was again observed. These concurrent observations suggest that hydrocarbons are transferred between nestmates. In C. iberica, the formation of the colonial odor seems to follow the “Gestalt” model which allows all satellite nests of a colony to have a common colonial odor. In the field, temporary nest isolation during hibernation may induce divergence between satellites. The role of adult transport in connecting nests during the active season to obtain an efficient Gestalt odor is discussed. Received: 16 June 1997 / Accepted after revision: 25 October 1997     

两种垃圾处理设施挥发性恶臭气体的指纹谱

为研究垃圾转运、焚烧处理设施挥发性有机污染物排放现状,采用GC-MS(气相色谱质谱联用仪)方法分析了垃圾处理设施不同采样点臭气中物质组成及主要组分含量。在所采集的样品中定量分析了111种物质,从中筛选21种物质并根据其归一化浓度建立了各采样点的指纹谱图。结合物质嗅阈值和指纹谱分析,初步识别了不同处理设施采样点的典型恶臭污染物,其中垃圾转运站站内包括对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、二甲基二硫醚,站外包括甲苯、乙苯、二硫化碳、甲硫醇;垃圾焚烧厂渣坑为甲硫醚,渗滤液为硫化氢。     

松桃河流域氨氮和锰污染特征及生态风险评价

以地处"锰三角"核心区的松桃河流域为研究对象,应用统计学方法对2011～2019年松桃河流域17个监测断面的18个水质指标进行统计分析,重点研究松桃河流域主要污染物氨氮和锰污染特征、时空变异及来源解析,利用商值法、安全阈值法对松桃河流域氨氮和锰的生态风险进行评价.结果表明:松桃河流域主要受到氨氮和锰污染,两者在P<0....     

淀山湖浮游动物群落时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

淀山湖是上海市最大的淡水湖泊,属亚热带浅水湖泊.于2017年对该湖的浮游动物和水质参数进行逐月调查,并结合浮游植物群落数据,采用多元回归树模型(multivariate regression trees,MRT)和主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis,PCo A)等方法研究了该湖浮游动物群落结构时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明,淀山湖浮游动物群落结构季节差异显著(P 0. 05),但仅在春、夏季节存在空间差异(P 0. 05),其他季节空间差异不显著(P 0. 05).水温、叶绿素a、氨氮以及蓝藻丰度是引起淀山湖浮游动物群落时空变化的关键性因子. MRT分析表明,当水温13. 07℃时,表现为冬季群落特征,当水温在13. 07～19. 57℃之间时,表现为春季群落特征;当水温≥19. 57℃时,叶绿素a浓度≥9. 03μg·L-1,则为夏季群落特征,而当叶绿素a浓度9. 03μg·L-1时,则表现为秋季群落特征.聚类分析将淀山湖浮游动物群落分成3个空间区域;春季时,当氨氮浓度1. 11 mg·L-1时,上游进水区(区域Ⅱ)浮游动物群落与其他两个区域有显著差异(P 0. 05);而夏季当蓝藻生物量≥2. 58 mg·L-1时,区域Ⅰ的浮游动物群落与其他两个区域有显著的空间差异(P 0. 05).     

基于最小费用距离模型的自然保护区功能分区

合理的功能分区是维持自然保护区保护功能和实施有效管理的关键。功能分区的环套模式反映了生物保护的一种分级措施,而最小费用距离反映了物种的被保护程度和景观对物种的干扰程度等阻力特性,因此,功能分区阈值是联系这种阻力变化和分级保护措施的一个纽带。以老县城大熊猫自然保护区为例,提出了利用最小费用距离模型进行功能分区的方法。阻力层的确定、阻力值的赋予、功能分区阈值的确定等问题构成了应用最小费用距离模型进行功能分区的基本要素。研究结果表明:应用最小费用距离模型进行功能分区进一步丰富了功能分区的研究方法;最小费用距离应用于功能分区的关键点在于功能分区阈值的确定;利用标准方差分类方法可以设计不同安全水平的功能分区。     

城市污水处理厂恶臭挥发性有机物的感官定量评价研究

采用自制低温吸附装置和臭气袋采集了广州典型城市污水厂6个处理车间的空气样品.应用热解析/气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析恶臭挥发性有机物的组成和含量,参照国标的三点比较式臭袋法测量样品的恶臭浓度,并针对恶臭挥发性有机物进行感官定量评价.结果表明,①城市污水处理厂检测出烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃等7大类共70种挥发性有机物,其中30种属于恶臭挥发性有机物,它们的浓度范围为0.37～1 872.24μg.m-3,在污泥脱水、污泥浓缩和曝气池最高;②主成分分析可以将主要恶臭挥发性有机物分为苯系物、卤代烃、醛类、碳氢化合物和含氮、硫的挥发性有机物5类;③多元线性回归分析能建立化学浓度与恶臭感官浓度的定量表达式,计算出恶臭挥发性有机物对该厂恶臭气味的贡献率占25%,感官浓度的预测值和实测值拟合良好,建立的预测方程对污水处理车间低浓度恶臭挥发性有机物的敏感度高于人鼻嗅辨的敏感度.