石化园区恶臭污染源识别与分析

石油炼制企业是恶臭污染的重点行业之一,特别是随着国内原油中稠油比例增大及进口原油中中东高硫原油量的增加,恶臭带来的环境污染已成为大型石化园区亟待解决的环保难题之一。本文针对大型石化园区的特点,从石化主体生产装置、辅助生产装置、存储区等方面,对园区重点的恶臭污染源进行了识别与分析,以期对后续恶臭污染的治理提供参考与借鉴。     

在线恶臭电子鼻在臭气浓度监测中的应用

主要介绍了在线恶臭电子鼻的原理、优势、缺点以及主要应用。     

Environmental Implication of Intensive Farming Practices on North China Plain

Abstract

The current pressure on production resources of North China Plain, such as land and water to feed the growing population, necessitates the assessment of the sustainability of farming practices. This study focuses on the sustainability of farming practices related to groundwater and soil fertility management. The assessment is based on selected site-specific key indicators and their established threshold limits. The current farming practices in the study area are clearly unsustainable. Only about 6% of the surveyed farm households practice sustainable farming. The study stresses that farming practice, which is economically sustainable, should not be promoted at the cost of environment. Holistic strategies need to be developed and implemented that aim at balanced use of inputs, which satisfy both productivity and environmental concerns.     

汽车制造企业恶臭来源及影响分析

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是工业恶臭的重要来源之一.本文以某汽车制造企业为研究对象,对其产生的恶臭来源及对敏感点居民区的影响进行采样和分析.2016年11月15~17日,分别采用三点比较式臭袋法和大气预浓缩仪-气相色谱(GC)-质谱(MS)联用法对该企业厂区内各个车间的排气筒、厂界和敏感点的臭气浓度和VOCs组分进行定性、定量分析.结果表明,该企业整车厂和发动机厂各个车间排气筒的臭气浓度均未超标,发动机厂厂界的臭气浓度未超标,但整车厂的厂界和敏感点的臭气浓度均超过标准限值.监测共确认54种VOCs物种,包括芳香烃、卤代烃、烷烃、烯烃、环烷烃、酮类、酯类、醚类、醇类、含硫化合物和含氧环化合物.其中,卤代烃种类最多,其次是芳香烃.由此可知,汽车制造恶臭类代表物质主要是卤代烃和芳香烃.根据敏感点居民区特征VOCs物种的质量浓度、检知嗅阈和阈稀释倍数筛选出敏感点居民区的典型恶臭物质为1,3-丁二烯.针对涂装车间所用涂料进行定性分析,结果表明,绝大部分特征VOCs物种均来自涂料成分.恶臭贡献最大的1,3-丁二烯,在排除敏感点居民区周边其他污染源影响的情况下,推断其来源是整车厂涂装车间的喷涂和烘干工艺所产生的.建议企业采用含VOCs组分较低的环保涂料或更高处理效率的RTO净化装置,以减少汽车制造过程对居民区敏感点的恶臭影响.     

基于极值风速预测的台风数值模型评述

在沿海台风多发地区，高耸及长大建筑结构对于极值风速作用非常敏感，因此在结构的设计、施工与使用期间有必要合理估算结构设计使用期限内可能遭遇的台风极值风速。台风极值风速的估算不仅涉及台风风场的数值模拟，也包括风速样本的采集与统计分析过程。较系统地介绍了台风风场结构的各类数学模型，并对它们在不同使用目的背景下的适用性作了评述与比较。最后，基于越界峰值法探讨了工程场地一定重现期内台风极值风速预测的可行性。     

农田土壤中铜的来源分析及控制阈值研究

农田土壤重金属污染直接危及到生态安全、食品安全和人体健康.从源头上控制农田土壤重金属污染是农业可持续发展和保障农产品质量安全的首要措施.本文采用物质流分析法与情景分析法,以水稻(双季稻、单季稻)、小麦-玉米、蔬菜(叶菜、根菜和果菜)的产地农田生态系统为研究对象,研究农田土壤中重金属铜的输入途径(大气沉降、磷肥、有机肥以及灌溉水)和输出途径(籽粒/可食部位、秸秆/残余物以及地表排水),并通过文献查阅和采样分析建立数据库,在平衡分析基础上为了保障100年土壤铜累积不超过设定的情景水平,当土壤铜背景值含量分别增加50％,100％和150％时,推导出磷肥、有机肥以及灌溉水的重金属含量安全阈值,磷肥中铜含量应控制在65～175 mg·kg-1范围内;畜禽粪肥中铜含量应控制在35～95 mg· kg-1范围内.灌溉水质标准应控制在40～70 μg·L-1范围内.这将为我国农产品产地安全管理和源头预防控制,保障我国农产品质量安全提供一定的技术指导作用.     

Occurrence of odor problems in drinking water of major cities across China

A comprehensive investigation into the occur-rence of odor problem at 111 drinking water treatment plants （DWTPs） in major cities across China was undertaken using both flavor profile analysis （FPA） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Eighty percent of source water samples exhibited odor problems, characterized by earthy/musty （41%） and swampy/septic （36%） odors, while the occurrence rate was lower （45%） in the finished water. Source water from rivers exhibited more pollution-origin odors, such as the swampy/septic odor, while that from lakes and reservoirs exhibited more algae- origin odors, such as earthy/musty odors. The occurrence rate of 2-methylisoborneol （2-MIB） in the surface source water samples was 75%, with 7% of samples containing 2- MIB concentrations of over 10 ng.L-1. The earthy/musty odor in the lake/reservoir water samples was mainly caused by 2-MIB （linear regression coefficient, R2= 0.69）, while the correlation between 2-MIB concentration and the earthy/musty odor intensity samples was weak （R2= 0.35） in the river-source water These results will be useful for the management of odor-quality problems in drinking water of China.     

太湖春季藻类生长的磷营养盐阈值研究

为了探讨太湖春季藻类生长的磷营养盐阈值,采用原位营养盐富集生物模拟实验,研究了太湖梅梁湾浮游植物对不同浓度无机磷(PO43--P)的生长响应.结果表明:外源磷添加能显著的促进浮游植物生长,但存在阈值.当磷浓度低于0.02mg/L时,藻类生长速率和生物量是可控的,当磷浓度高于0.02mg/L时,生长速率和生物量没有变化,因此春季藻类生长的无机磷阈值为0.02mg/L,相当于总磷阈值为0.059mg/L.太湖目前只有部分湖区总磷年平均浓度处于总磷阈值以下,控制流域的磷负荷,降低太湖的浮游植物生物量将是一个长期过程.     

Simultaneous analysis of five taste and odor compounds in surface water using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In this paper, a method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to simultaneously analyze five taste and odor compounds in surface water, i.e., 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IPMP), 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IBMP), and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin, GSM). The mass spectrometry was operated in selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Three kinds of SPE columns and three eluting solvents were compared, the C18 column was chosen as optimum SPE column, and methanol was chosen as the optimum eluting solvent. It was found that the method showed good linearity in the range of 1–200 ng·L^-1 and gave detection limits of 0.5–1.5 ng·L^-1 for individual compounds. Good recoveries (93.5%–108%) and relative standard deviations (1.58%–7.31%) were also obtained. Additionally, concentrations of these taste and odor compounds in Jinan’s surface and drinking water were analyzed by applying this method, and the results showed that GSM and 2-MIB were the dominant taste and odor compounds in Jinan’s raw water.     

上海市区生活垃圾中转站臭气污染状况

对上海市区3个不同位置的垃圾中转站运行过程中的臭气产生状况进行了为期一年的监测和分析,研究了其浓度和变化规律。结果表明,3个中转站内气体污染物中H2S、NH3以及臭气浓度范围分别为0.005～0.20mg/m3,0.44～4.67 mg/m3以及16～40,大多在春季达到最高,且与温度和垃圾量没有明显相关性。而挥发性有机物VOCs中主要有1,2-二氯乙烷、苯、甲苯、乙酸乙酯、间二甲苯等污染物,浓度在10-1～103μg/m3之间变化。分析结果表明,臭气浓度和VOCs的产生量与日垃圾处理量呈正比。