养猪场恶臭污染的预测模型及感官评估研究

现代化、集约化养殖技术促进了养猪业的高效发展,但养殖过程中产生的恶臭污染对环境的影响也逐渐显露出来.为正确识别养猪场恶臭物质组成、建立基于关键致臭物质的恶臭气体预测模型、感官评估恶臭对人产生的心理影响,对天津市某养猪场母猪舍、育肥舍及舍外的恶臭气体进行采样.应用GC-MS,分析物质组成;根据阈稀释倍数计算结果,确定关键致臭物质;通过研究各组分对复合恶臭的影响,建立复合恶臭气体预测模型;结合臭气浓度与人群实际心理感受,提出养猪场厌恶临界点.结果表明:①该养猪场共检出恶臭物质48种,各类型恶臭物质质量分数大小依次为w（氨）> w（含氧烃）> w（硫化物）> w（烷烃）> w（卤代烃）> w（烯烃）> w（芳香烃）.②该养猪场关键致臭物质为氨与乙醇,其中氨对复合臭气浓度的影响最大.③养猪场复合恶臭气体预测模型为O=0.34I₁+0.75I₂+5.81（其中,O为复合臭气浓度指数,I₁、I₂分别为乙醇和氨的恶臭气体指数）,经实际样品检验该模型具有良好的预测效果.④养猪场气味属厌恶范畴,厌恶程度随臭气浓度的增加而增强.⑤养猪场厌恶临界点为13,即臭气浓度大于13时,就会对人群产生干扰.研究显示,养猪场恶臭气体组成复杂,对人群的干扰可以用愉悦度进行评价,根据关键致臭物质可以预测感官恶臭污染.      

锑对甘蓝的毒性阈值研究

为丰富完善我国土壤中Sb（锑）对植物的毒理学数据并为土壤Sb生态基准的制定提供依据,参照国际标准化组织颁布的植物毒性试验的标准方法（ISO 11269-2:2013）,以外源添加的方式研究了我国17种典型土壤中Sb对甘蓝早期生长生物量的影响.结果表明:①基于全量Sb推导的甘蓝的毒性阈值EC₁₀（10%抑制效应浓度）变化范围为100.55~656.65 mg/kg,表明不同土壤中Sb的毒性差异显著,但基于有效态Sb（Na₂HPO₄溶液提取）推导的不同土壤中EC₁₀的变化范围为8.28~24.05 mg/kg,其EC₁₀差异有所减小;②相关性分析表明,基于土壤全量Sb推导的EC₁₀与w（OM）（OM为有机质）、w（TN）（TN为全氮）和CEC（阳离子交换量）均呈显著正相关（相关系数为0.746~0.779）,而基于有效态Sb推导的EC₁₀与w（Fe）和w（Mn）呈显著正相关（相关系数为0.479~0.615）;③多元回归分析进一步表明,土壤pH、w（OM）和CEC可以解释基于全量Sb推导的EC₁₀值74.6%的变异,w（OM）和w（Mn）可以解释基于有效态Sb推导的EC₁₀值62.6%的变异.研究显示,Sb的Na₂HPO₄提取态能在一定程度上解释不同土壤中Sb对甘蓝的毒性差异,pH、w（OM）、CEC和w（Mn）是影响Sb对植物毒性的土壤主控因子,可以较好地预测Sb的毒性阈值.      

水资源管理“三条红线”约束下的城镇化水平阈值分析——以张掖市为例

水资源与城镇化的关系问题是水科学研究的热点,二者之间存在着复杂的交织关系。论文选取典型干旱区城市张掖市为研究对象,以最严格水资源管理制度为约束条件,基于水资源约束下的城镇化水平阈值计算思路,引入节水量和灰水足迹测算方法改进了传统水量水质双要素水资源承载力计算模型,并在此基础上统筹可供水量、可节水量及水功能区纳污能力构建了水资源管理“三条红线”约束下的城镇化水平阈值计算模型;通过分析张掖市城镇化水平与水资源开发利用的历史数据并进行情景模拟,对2020年和2030年张掖市城镇化水平阈值做出了预测。结果表明：1）在水资源开发利用红线约束下,到2030年张掖市可利用水资源量为23.02×10⁸ m³,与现状基本一致,且以当前的水资源开发利用水平,水量承载能力难以支撑政府未来规划中的城镇化进程与经济增长的用水需求;2）严格遵照用水效率控制红线中所规定的用水定额标准时,张掖市将有望改善水量承载能力不足问题,且到2030年时,水量承载城镇人口能力可达331.91×10⁴人,其中水量承载能力提升主要得益于农业部门节水;3）在水功能区限制纳污红线的约束下,2030年张掖市水质可承载能力上限为62.47×10⁴人,仅为规划城镇人口数量的78%,水质可承载能力对城镇化进程形成了强烈的约束作用,约束力主要来自于城镇区域氨氮排放;4）在水资源管理“三条红线”约束下,到2030年时张掖市城镇化水平阈值上限为48.05%。     

恶臭污染精准模拟的峰/均值因子研究进展

大气扩散模型是进行恶臭污染管理的有效工具,它可以评估恶臭污染的影响范围和影响程度.然而,由于恶臭污染的特殊性,通常使用的大气扩散模型模拟结果是小时均值浓度,不能满足恶臭污染评估对瞬时最大值的需求,所以,需要引入峰/均值因子,将扩散模型计算结果从均值浓度（如1 h均值）转换到短时间峰值浓度（如1 s峰值）.通过研究国内外峰/均值因子相关文献,以及国内外恶臭标准、评估技术中峰/均值因子的相关规定,对峰/均值因子的研究理论、影响因素和计算方法进行系统地分析、总结和评述.现阶段的研究表明,峰/均值因子受大气稳定度、距离、地形、污染源类型等多种因素的影响.然而,由于影响峰/均值因子的因素较多,大部分国家和地区只能在其恶臭环境影响评价导则中将峰/均值因子设置为一个或一组固定值,与实际情况不符,因此具有一定的局限性.结合我国的恶臭污染评价现状,建议将峰/均值因子理论引入我国,综合考虑我国的恶臭污染特点、气象特征、地形等,探讨建立适用于我国的不同地区不同污染源类型的峰/均值因子.峰/均值因子的研究可为我国恶臭污染的精准模拟、恶臭防护距离的制订、恶臭暴露-效应关系的研究提供基本理论与技术支持.      

基于小波和 EMD 的电阻探针监测信号自适应去噪

目的从监测信号中恢复有效腐蚀信息(长期变化趋势、周期性窄带尖峰),提出一种基于经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)和小波阈值去噪(Wavelet Threshold Denoised,WTD)相结合的自适应去噪算法(EMD-WTD)。方法先将信号进行EMD分解,利用最大信息系数(Max Information Coefficient,MIC)判断噪声主导和有效信号主导信号分量的分界点,然后将噪声主导的信号分量进行自适应小波阈值去噪。最后以人工模拟信号和电阻探针监测信号进行验证。结果 EMD-WTD算法能有效去除噪声,信噪比可提升10 d B以上。结论与多个去噪算法相比,EMD-WTD算法能够更好地保留信号中周期性窄带尖峰信息,为后续准确建立电阻探针监测信号与环境之间的数学模型奠定了基础。     

Filament-Based Atmospheric Dispersion Model to Achieve Short Time-Scale Structure of Odor Plumes

This article presents the theoretical motivation, implementation approach, and example validation results for a computationally efficient plume simulation model, designed to replicate both the short-term time signature and long-term exposure statistics of a chemical plume evolving in a turbulent flow. Within the resulting plume, the odor concentration is intermittent with rapidly changing spatial gradient. The model includes a wind field defined over the region of interest that is continuous, but which varies with location and time in both magnitude and direction. The plume shape takes a time varying sinuous form that is determined by the integrated effect of the wind field. Simulated and field data are compared. The motivation for the development of such a simulation model was the desire to evaluate various strategies for tracing odor plumes to their source, under identical conditions. The performance of such strategies depends in part on the instantaneous response of target receptors; therefore, the sequence of events is of considerable consequence and individual exemplar plume realizations are required. Due to the high number of required simulations, computational efficiency was critically important.     

毛竹林生态系统动态经济阈值

运用经济阈值（ET）的研究方法建立了毛竹林生态系统经济阈值模型。探讨了毛竹林生态系统一元和二元复合动态经济阈值，研究结果表明：对于不同的毛竹林分，林分立竹度（N）越大，其经济阈值（ET）也随之增大，对于同一毛竹林分来说，经济阈值随着笋的平均价格（Ps)，贴现率（δ），笋的平均单重（Ws)，每年挖去笋增量的比例（k）和经营时间（t)特等因子的增大而增大，而随着竹材的平均价格（PB），成竹率（R）的增大而减少，此外，还进一步分析了毛竹林经济阈值与Ps,PB两个主要影响因子之间的复合动态变化关系。结果表明PB对毛竹林经济阈值的影响较Ps大，并编制了毛竹林生态系统二元复合动态经济阈值一览表。从而为实现毛竹林的丰产经营提供方便与指导。     

Assessing the efficacy of dredged materials from lake panasoffkee,florida: Implication to environment and agriculture part 1: Soil and environmental quality aspect

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: Dredged materials because of its variable but unique physical and chemical properties are often viewed by society and regulators as pollutants, but many have used these materials in coastal nourishment, land or wetland creation, construction materials, and for soil improvement as a soil amendment. Environmental impact assessment is an important pre-requisite to many dredging initiatives. The ability to reuse lake-dredge materials (LDM) for agricultural purposes is important because it reduces the need for off-shore disposal and provides an alternative to disposal of the materials in landfills. Additional research on disposal options of dredged materials are much needed to supply information on criteria testing and evaluation of the physical and chemical impacts of dredged materials at a disposal site, as well as information on many other aspects of dredging and dredged material disposal. While preliminary efforts are underway to provide information to establish criteria for land disposal, testing procedures for possible land disposal of contaminated sediments are still in their developing stage. The objective of this study (Part 1) was to quantify the effect of applied LDM from Lake Panasoffkee (LP), Florida on soil physico-chemical properties (soil quality) at the disposal site. This series of two papers aims at providing assessment of the efficacy of lake-dredged materials from LP especially its implication to environment (soil quality, Part 1) and agriculture (forage quality and pasture establishment, Part 2). METHODS: The experimental treatments that were evaluated consisted of different ratios of natural soil (NS) to LDM: LDM0 (100% NS:0% LDM); LDM25 (75% NS:25% LDM); LDM50 (50% NS:50% LDM); LDM75 (25% NS:75% LDM); and LDM100 (0% NS:100% LDM). Field layout was based on the principle of a completely randomized block design with four replications. The Mehlich 1 method (0.05 N HCl in 0.025 N H2SO4) was used for chemical extraction of soil. Soil P and other exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Al, and Fe) were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Spectroscopy. The effects of dredged materials addition on soil quality and compaction were analyzed statistically following the PROC ANOVA procedures. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Sediments that were dredged from LP have high CaCO3 content (82%) and when these materials were incorporated into existing topsoil they would have the same favorable effects as liming the field. Thus, sediments with high CaCO3 may improve the physical and chemical conditions of subtropical sandy pastures. The heavy and trace metal contents of LDM were below the probable effect levels (PEL) and threshold effect levels (TEL). Average values for Pb, Zn, As, Cu, Hg, Se, Cd, and Ni of 5.2 +/- 1.3, 7.0 +/- 0.6, 4.4 +/- 0.1, 8.7 +/- 1.2, 0.01 +/- 0.02, 0.02 +/- 0.02, 2.5 +/- 0.1, and 14.6 +/- 6.4 mg kg(-1), respectively, were below the TEL and the PEL. TEL represents the concentrations of sediment-associated contaminants that are considered to cause significant hazards to aquatic organisms, while, PEL represents the lower limit of the range of the contaminant concentrations that are usually or always associated with adverse biological effects. As such, the agricultural or livestock industry could utilize these LDM to produce forages. LDM should be regarded as a beneficial resource, as a part of the ecological system. Addition of LDM had significant (p < or = 0.001) effects on soil physico-chemical properties and soil quality. Compared with the control plots, the soils in plots amended with LDM exhibited: (1) lower degree of soil compaction; (2) an increase in soil pH, Ca, and Mg; (3) decrease in the levels of soil Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Si; and (4) no significant change in the level of Na in the soil. Results have shown the favorable influence that LDM had on soil compaction. The treatment x year interaction effect was not significant, but the average soil compaction varied widely (p < or = 0.001) with LDM application. In 2002 and 2003, soil compaction of plots was lowered significantly as a result of LDM additions. The least compacted soils in 2002 and 2003 were observed from plots with LDM75 with mean soil compaction of 300 x 10(3) and 350 x 10(3) Pa, respectively. CONCLUSION: Beneficial uses of dredged materials from LP, Florida are both economical and environmental. Often these materials can be obtained at little or no cost to the farmers or landowners in south Florida. Environmentally, dredging of sediments that are rich in CaCO3 should restore the 19.4-sq km LP by removing natural sediments from the lake bottom to improve the fishery, water quality, and navigation of the lake. The bottom sediment materials from lakes, river, and navigational channels usually are composed of upland soil enriched with nutrients and organic matter. These materials should be regarded as a beneficial resource to be used productively and not to be discarded as spoil materials. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: Land application of LDM from LP may not only provide substantial benefits that will enhance the environment, community, and society in south Florida, but also in other parts of the world especially those areas having tropical and subtropical climate with forage-based beef cattle pastures. The heavy and trace metal contents of LDM from LP were below the PEL and TEL. As such, the agricultural or livestock industry could utilize these LDM to produce forages (Part 2 of this study). LDM should be regarded as a beneficial resource, as a part of the ecological system. Further studies are still needed to determine whether the environmental and ecological implications of LDM application are satisfied over the longer term.     

Prediction of extreme ozone levels in Barcelona, Spain

Barcelona is one of the most polluted cities in Western Europe, although our levels of air pollution are within the World Health Organisation air quality guidelines. However, high concentrations of air pollution have not been studied yet. Ground ozone levels is a topic of considerable environmental concern, since excessive level of ozone are taken as indicative of high pollution. In terms of the air quality guidelines ozone levels higher than 100 µg m^–3 can start to be health-hazards for human health. Our objective is to report a detailed analysis of ozone data exceeding the thresholds established by the air quality guidelines. Data analysed were collected in two measurement stations in Barcelona, for the reference period 1991–1996. Applying statistical techniques commonly used in the analysis of extreme values, mainly the Peak Over Threshold method was used for in this study. The analysis reveal that the ozone threshold values for the protection of human health has exceeded many times in both stations. The estimated return values for 3, 10, and 40 yr exceed the threshold value for information to the public of almost once in both stations, also it seems to be unlikely that the threshold value for warning to the public will be exceeded in 40 yr.     

车用动力电池单体自动化拆解线有害气体控制实验研究

以动力电池单体自动化拆解线的混合废气为研究对象,通过实验考查了碱液吸收、活性炭吸附及碱液吸收+活性炭组合工艺对拆解线混合废气的处理效果,结果显示,混合废气先经碱液吸收,再经活性炭吸附之后,出口浓度比国家排放标准限值低;当质量分数为10%的碱溶液吸收时间为2~3 s、煤质柱状活性炭接触时间为1~2 s时,恶臭物质去除率达95.0%,氟化物去除率达91.8%;整个废气处理系统具有很好的实际应用前景,经测算,装机功率小于1 k W/1 000 m3,运行成本小于1元/1 000 m3。