臭气强度在恶臭污染物环境空气影响中的应用研究

以兰州某石化公司化工污水处理厂恶臭治理项目为例,在确定恶臭气体的污染源源强的基础上,采用AERMOD模式预测污染物扩散情况。结果表明,添置除臭装置后,NH3的臭气浓度减少了90%,VOCs的臭气浓度减少了88%。同时,当恶臭污染物浓度达到环境质量浓度标准时,NH3的臭气强度为1．40级,VOCs的臭气强度为0．82级,人们仍能感觉到气味。因此石化企业在进行恶臭治理过程中需综合考虑污染物的环境空气质量浓度标准和臭气强度,以期改善环境空气质量。     

可持续发展的多维临界

本文从宏观角度,即从自然－社会－经济复合系统整体运行的约束、资源利用和可持续性维护三个层次探讨可持续发展面临的主要临界问题,以便为可持续发展的理论深化和寻求可持续发展运行的合理阈值区间并进行调控奠定一些理论基础。     

Renal tubular dysfunction caused by dietary hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers

Abstract

Dietary administration of β‐ and α‐hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) to albino rats caused an abnormal excessive excretion of glucose in the urine, blood glucose level being nearly normal. Occurrence of glucosuria was also accompanied by increased excretions of the two low‐threshold compounds ‐ creatinine and urea, their levels in blood being normal. The interference of HCH isomers with renal function as evidenced by biochemical data was also indicated by histopathological lesions observed in the kidney sections, viz., hypertrophy and degeneration of the renal tubular epithelia.     

Signal Recognition and Hearing Protectors With Normal and Impaired Hearing

Recognition of acoustic signals when perception is subject to interference from noise has already been extensively studied. In this study the influence of hearing protectors (HP) (plugs, muffs) and hearing loss on signal recognition is examined. Different spectrums and levels of the noise are also included. The test results are shown as the masked threshold for the signals heard and identified. In the case of normally hearing subjects a frequency-independent HP (plug) improves hearing performance, while frequency-dependent HP (muffs) tends to worsen it, especially with low-frequency noise. Hearing losses even worsen hearing performance when plugs are worn. Design suggestions are made to optimise signal recognition. Minimum signal-to-noise ratio and the use of HP are discussed.     

生活垃圾填埋场恶臭污染的时空变化与膜阻隔效果

为探究生活垃圾填埋场恶臭污染的源特征和时空变化规律,采样分析了东部沿海某填埋场不同暴露状态填埋区域冬夏两季的昼夜间气体样品.定量检测到的各种恶臭物质合计浓度最高可达60000 μg·m^-3,夏季检出的恶臭物质种类多于冬季,且各采样点平均浓度高于冬季30~300倍,其中,硫系物高于冬季4.7~136.7倍.含氧化合物是物质浓度最高的恶臭组分,各采样点硫系物合计浓度不足恶臭物质合计浓度的10%,但换算的理论恶臭浓度贡献率超过理论恶臭合计浓度的90%,甲硫醇和丙硫醇等硫系物是填埋场恶臭污染的关键物质.填埋单元覆膜后堆体表层恶臭物质浓度和理论恶臭浓度随时间呈现出一定的上升趋势,说明覆膜具有一定的恶臭阻隔效果,但填埋单元仍有较大的恶臭释放潜力.相似度分析显示,作业后临时覆盖和未抽气区盖膜单元内累积的恶臭气体可以通过膜搭接缝隙和膜破裂位置等处释放至环境,导致填埋场周边夜间恶臭污染高于白天.     

Preventive control of odor emissions through manipulation of operational parameters during the active phase of composting

Better understanding of the effects of key operational parameters or environmental factors on odor emission is of critical importance for minimizing the generation of composting odors. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to examine the effects of various operating conditions on odor emissions. The results revealed that airflow rates that were too high or too low could result in higher total odor emissions. An optimal flowrate for odor control would be approximately 0.6 L/min.kg dry matter with intermittent aeration and a duty cycle of 33%. Temperature setpoint at 60°C appeared to be a turning point for odor emission. Below this point, odor emissions increased with increasing temperature setpoint; conversely, odor emissions decreased with increasing temperature setpoint above this point. With regard to the composting material properties, odor emissions were greatly affected by the initial moisture content of feedstock. Both peak odor concentration and emission rate generally increased with higher initial moisture content. Odor emission was significant only at moisture levels higher than 65%. An initial moisture level below 45% is not recommended due to concern with the resulting lower degree of biodegradation. Biodegradable volatile solids content (BVS) of feedstock had pronounced effect on odor emissions. Peak odor concentration and emission rate increased dramatically as BVS increased from 45% to 65%, thus, total odor emission increased exponentially with BVS.     

粪尿分集全方位负压排臭生态卫生旱厕应用实例

介绍了粪尿分集生态卫生旱厕的特点及应用效果，该厕能节约和保护水资源，排泄物可再次利用，能形成可持续的完整的生态系统。具有较好的发展前景。     

泥炭生物脱臭技术研究

本文介绍生物脱臭的应用及其原理；并以自采的泥炭为载体，以硫化氢氧为试验气体，进行原始泥炭以及经过各种处理后泥炭臭性能的对比试验，由试验证明泥 一种比较理想的脱臭生物载体。     

长江中下游地区旱涝急转的阈值诊断及危险性评估

选择与长江中下游地区夏季旱涝异常有关的15项大气环流指数作为自变量,以旱涝急转指数为因变量,采用非线性非参数的分类与回归树方法(CART)预测旱涝急转成灾的危险性等级。CART不仅能够提取出主要致灾因子,同时可以诊断不同影响阈值条件下,旱涝异常的类型及危险性等级。研究结果显示,夏季和春季北极涛动指数、春季亚洲径向环流指数,以及春季亚洲区极涡面积指数4项指标是旱涝突变成灾的主要影响因子,对旱涝急转成灾的危险程度具有很好的表征作用。当夏季北极涛动指数大于1.11时,更容易发生涝转旱事件(危险性等级为1级),而当夏季北极涛动指数小于或等于1.11,同时春季北极涛动指数大于或等于-1.11时,更容易发生旱转涝事件(危险性等级为6级),其他危险性等级的条件也可从模型中直接判读出来。采用2011~2013年的实测数据和模型预测结果进行对比,两者非常接近,验证了模型的可靠性。采用的CART方法为长江中下游地区旱涝急转致灾的等级预测提供了一种新的思路。     

北塘排污河天津中心城区段恶臭污染调查与分析研究

为研究天津市中心城区北塘排污河恶臭污染特征,沿北塘排污河布设5个采样点位,分别在夏、秋、冬三季进行了系统采样.北塘排污河夏、秋、冬三季总检出浓度为23.842 5 mg/m^3,夏季（9.273 1mg/m^3）＞冬季（8.388 4 mg/m^3）＞秋季（6.181 0 mg/m^3）,靖江桥和兵营桥两个点位受赵沽里泵站出水水质的影响较大,对周围的恶臭污染程度更为严重.北塘排污河污染物质总检出浓度组成特征：无机气体＞含氧烃＞烷烃＞芳香烃＞卤代烃＞烯烃＞硫化物,共检出物质67种,检出率大于70％的污染物共30种,广泛存在的物质为11种,主要恶臭污染物为少量的含氧烃、无机气体和硫化物,乙醛、丙酮、硫化氢和甲硫醇为北塘排污河主要恶臭污染物.