南京城市全面跨江发展初探

南京是我国长江尾闾著名的历史文化名城,自周元王四年（公元前472年）始筑“越城”至今已有2 482 a的历史。在南京城市发展过程中,由于自然、政治、经济等因素的综合影响,历代在此建设城廓,都以江南向西北开口的簸箕形盆地作为基础,而向北跨江发展自历史上以来都非常缓慢。在实地踏勘研究区和梳理分析历史地理资料的基础上,重建了南京城市跨江发展的历史过程,划分出4个发展时期：沿江发展期、跨江发展的萌芽期、跨江发展的初期、跨江发展的全面和加速推进期。基于城市跨江发展的原因与机制等理论,分析论证了当前南京选择全面和加速推进跨江发展的可行性。依据国内外跨江发展的经验教训,提出南京实施全面和加速推进跨江发展的主要策略是：(1)加快构建合理的跨江交通格局;(2)处理好江北新市区与南京城市整体功能的互补性与独立性关系;(3)做到空间布局优化与开发重点突出并举,江北老城镇保护性改造与新市区开发建设并重;(4)充分利用大型产业项目的非树型效应;(5)实施沿江岸段的合理功能分区与生态环境综合整治;(6)省市政府提供持续的政策支持,完善体制机制改革。〖 〖HT5”     

堆肥过程的生物学途径及主要影响因素的控制

从生物学的角度分析了固体有机废弃物堆肥过程中微生物群落的变化,强化堆肥及减少恶臭的生物学途径,简单概述了堆肥过程中提高堆肥质量和效率的主要影响因素（温度、C／N等）,最后提出了今后该领域的发展方向。     

低温等离子体协同催化降解含硫恶臭污染物

采用共沉淀—喷涂法制备了（Cu5Mn7Zr1O22）0.08/（γ-Al2O3）0.1/堇青石蜂窝陶瓷催化剂。表征结果显示：催化剂孔隙率较高,表面均匀分散着粒径介于20~100 nm的晶体颗粒。以硫化氢和乙硫醇为典型含硫恶臭污染物进行了低温等离子体协同催化降解实验,结果表明：污染物的降解率随着输入功率的增加而提高;与单纯低温等离子体相比,低温等离子体协同催化能获得更好的降解效果。降解机理可能为：在高能电子和活性粒子作用下,H2S或C2H5SH分子中键能较弱的H—S、C—S和C—C键断裂形成·SH、·C2H5、·CH2SH、·CH3等小碎片基团,这些小碎片基团进一步发生聚合、氧化或自由基链式反应,最终降解为CO2、SO2、SO3、H2O等无毒小分子。     

恶臭污染及其治理技术

介绍了恶臭物质的来源、对人体的危害及恶臭强度分级方法；综述了常用的恶息物质处理方法。     

Rare event risk analysis – application to iceberg collision

To design an engineering system, testing in extreme conditions is at least recommended if not required. There are ambiguities about how to define an extreme state and how to consider it in the design of a system or its operation. The probability estimation of such an event is challenging due to data scarcity, especially in many engineering domains, e.g. offshore development. In this study, available techniques for analyzing the probability of extreme events are examined for their suitability in engineering applications, and a framework is proposed for rare event risk analysis. The framework is comprised of three phases. In the first phase, the outlier based extreme value theory is implemented to estimate the rare event probability. The maximum likelihood criterion is used to estimate the extreme distribution parameters. In the second phase, the rare event is considered as a heavy tail event, and the tail index is estimated through the Hill and the SmooHill estimator. In the third phase, The uncertainty analysis is conducted, and the risk is computed. The proposed methodology is tested for extreme iceberg risk assessment on large offshore structures in the Flemish Pass basin. For this specific case, the estimated design extreme iceberg speed was 4.31 km/h, with an occurrence probability of 3.61E-06.     

高效上流式生物喷淋除臭技术在污水处理厂的应用

针对污水处理厂运行过程中产生的恶臭气体,开发了一套高效上流式生物喷淋除臭系统,介绍了生物喷淋除臭原理以及生物喷淋除臭系统的构成和主要设备参数。工程运行结果表明,高效上流式生物喷淋除臭技术具有工艺简单、除臭效率高、投资建设及运维费用低、长期运行稳定等优点。在运行期间,系统除臭效率大于90%,出口臭气浓度(无量纲)小于2000,H 2S和NH 3的出口质量浓度分别小于5 mg/m^3,3 mg/m^3,达到甚至优于《恶臭污染物排放标准》(GB 14554—1993)的相关规定。该技术的成功应用,为我国污水处理厂恶臭气体治理排放提供了针对性解决方案。     

Real-time contaminant detection and classification in a drinking water pipe using conventional water quality sensors: Techniques and experimental results

Accurate detection and identification of natural or intentional contamination events in a drinking water pipe is critical to drinking water supply security and health risk management. To use conventional water quality sensors for the purpose, we have explored a real-time event adaptive detection, identification and warning (READiw) methodology and examined it using pilot-scale pipe flow experiments of 11 chemical and biological contaminants each at three concentration levels. The tested contaminants include pesticide and herbicides (aldicarb, glyphosate and dicamba), alkaloids (nicotine and colchicine), E. coli in terrific broth, biological growth media (nutrient broth, terrific broth, tryptic soy broth), and inorganic chemical compounds (mercuric chloride and potassium ferricyanide). First, through adaptive transformation of the sensor outputs, contaminant signals were enhanced and background noise was reduced in time-series plots leading to detection and identification of all simulated contamination events. The improved sensor detection threshold was 0.1% of the background for pH and oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), 0.9% for free chlorine, 1.6% for total chlorine, and 0.9% for chloride. Second, the relative changes calculated from adaptively transformed residual chlorine measurements were quantitatively related to contaminant-chlorine reactivity in drinking water. We have shown that based on these kinetic and chemical differences, the tested contaminants were distinguishable in forensic discrimination diagrams made of adaptively transformed sensor measurements.     

应用层次聚类分析法确定海菜花氨氮耐受阈值

为确定海菜花对NH₄+-N的N_mtor(耐受阈值),通过不同水平ρ(NH₄+-N)下的模拟试验,获得了30 d内各试验组海菜花生化指标〔SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性、POD(过氧化物酶)活性、CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性及MDA(丙二醛)含量〕及生长指标〔鲜质量、最长根长、w(Chla)〕,运用层次聚类分析法确定了海菜花对NH₄+-N的N_mtor,并运用传统方法对生长指标予以分析,以验证层次聚类分析法的有效性和可靠性. 结果表明:①对海菜花SOD活性、CAT活性及MDA含量的层次聚类分析得到的海菜花对NH₄+-N的N_mtor皆为0~3.0 mg/L,而由POD活性分析得到的N_mtor为0~8.0 mg/L,交集为0~3.0 mg/L;②根据鲜质量相对增长率、根长相对增长率、w(Chla)得到的海菜花对NH₄+-N的N_mtor分别为0~4.0、0~8.0及0~3.0 mg/L,交集为0~3.0 mg/L;③大多数生化指标层次聚类分析结果相同,而通过生长指标结合试验现象分析所得结果则各有差异,层次聚类分析结果是生长指标分析结果的真子集.      

环境规制减排效果的门槛效应分析

本文利用1996-2014年我国30个省份的面板数据,从行政、法律、经济和技术四个领域来刻画环境规制,实证检验了不同环境规制手段的减排效果是否具有门槛效应。研究发现,环境规制的强度确实因环境规制的手段不同而有所不同,其中,法律手段、技术手段未因地方政府的异质性表现出明显的门槛特征,而行政手段在政府规模较小（地方财力不足）地区的减排效果显著,经济手段在政府规模较大（地方财力雄厚）地区的减排效果显著。     

典型土壤双季稻对Cd吸收累积差异

用盆栽试验方法研究典型土壤双季稻条件下水稻对Cd的吸收累积差异.选取典型水稻土黄泥田(板页岩母质发育)和麻砂泥(花岗岩母质发育),通过添加不同浓度梯度外源Cd,进行盆栽试验,研究双季稻不同生育期土壤有效态Cd(DTPACd)、水稻植株各部位以及糙米Cd累积情况.结果表明,双季稻晚稻生育期土壤有效态Cd大于早稻,黄泥田大于麻砂泥,其差异性均达极显著水平(P0.01).水稻植株各器官(根、茎、叶、壳和糙米)Cd累积量随外源Cd增加和生育期的延长而呈现递增的趋势.不同生育期、不同土壤水稻糙米与植株各器官Cd累积量差异显著,具体表现为:早稻小于晚稻,黄泥田小于麻砂泥.水稻各器官(根、茎、叶、壳和糙米)中Cd含量与土壤有效Cd含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系.应用稻米Cd含量预测模型及水稻累积Cd的特征方程推算出土壤Cd安全阈值为:黄泥田早稻0.98 mg·kg~(-1)和晚稻:0.83 mg·kg~(-1);麻砂泥分别为0.86 mg·kg~(-1)和0.56 mg·kg~(-1).不同母质土壤的安全阈值与环境容量不同,其环境质量标准与污染修复控制措施应该有所区别.