Sitting Comfort of Ergonomic Office Chairs—Developed Versus Intuitive Evaluation

The sitting comfort of office chairs with different ergonomic layouts (inferior, superior) was examined. Fifty participants were randomly assigned to a 2 × 5 factorial experimental design with 2 different conditions of ergonomic chair layout (inferior or superior) and 5 different conditions of instruction to explore the chair. Four conditions were created to differentiate between various levels of perceptual awareness and processing of chair-related information (guided exploration and developed evaluation). In a 5th condition, participants remained uninstructed (free exploration and intuitive exploration). Under guided exploration, the participants’ perception of sitting comfort was in line with objective differences in the chair layout. Different conditions of guided exploration, however, did not influence the evaluations. Under free exploration, the participants’ perceptions did not match the ergonomic chair layout. In contrast to participants under guided exploration, they even rated the ergonomically inferior office chair more favourably than the ergonomically superior chair.     

Will Musculoskeletal,Visual and Psychosocial Stress Change for Visual Display Unit (VDU) Operators When Moving From a Single-Occupancy Office to an Office Landscape?

This study investigated the effect of moving from single-occupancy offices to a landscape environment. Thirty-two visual display unit (VDU) operators reported no significant change in visual discomfort. Lighting conditions and glare reported subjectively showed no significant correlation with visual discomfort. Experience of pain was found to reduce subjectively rated work capacity during VDU tasks. The correlation between visual discomfort and reduced work capacity for single-occupancy offices was r_s = .88 (p = .000) and for office landscape r_s = .82 (p = .000). Eye blink rate during habitual VDU work was recorded for 12 operators randomly selected from the 32 participants in the office landscape. A marked drop in eye blink rate during VDU work was found compared to eye blink rate during easy conversation. There were no significant changes in pain intensity in the neck, shoulder, forearm, wrist/hand, back or headache (.24 < p < .67). Pain levels in different body areas were significantly correlated with reduced work capacity, .77 < r_s < .99 (p = .000).     

论无害化处理机关事业单位电子办公垃圾

通过对现有机关事业单位办公垃圾分析,提出处理电子办公垃圾的方法及有效治理措施。     

办公楼聚集区空气中PBDEs谱分布与污染特征

为评估办公楼密集区大气中PBDEs污染程度、同类物分布特征及其健康风险,采集了典型科研园区室外空气样品(颗粒物+气态),利用GC-MS对PBDEs质量浓度进行测定.结果表明,PBDEs在气态、PM_(2. 5)和PM_(10)中质量浓度分别为2. 3～78. 6、14. 4～335. 3和11. 6～431. 7 pg·m~(-3),平均值为21. 7、96. 9和149. 3 pg·m~(-3),BDE-209是颗粒态PBDEs中质量浓度最高的同系物,占PBDEs总量的50%.颗粒物中PBDEs质量浓度均表现为秋季冬季夏季春季,冬季变化显著,夏季相对稳定.三溴联苯醚主要存在于气态中,随溴原子的增加,颗粒态PBDEs单体的含量比重增大.来源分析说明BDE-209的降解是空气中其他PBDEs组分的重要来源.暴露风险分析显示儿童和成人对PBDEs的呼吸摄入量分别为18. 6 pg·(kg·d)~(-1)和7. 1 pg·(kg·d)~(-1),远小于相关研究中推荐的最低观察不良反应水平1 mg·(kg·d)~(-1); BDE-209对成人和儿童的致癌风险值分别为3. 7×10-9和2. 3×10-9,远小于致癌风险限值10-6,表明该区域大气中PBDEs无健康危害.     

Assessing the impact of driverless haul trucks in Australian surface mining

Australia has been a leading mining nation and its mines continue to attract substantial investment due to its strong mineral endowment, mining tradition and high skills base. In recent years Australian mining companies have been facing higher labour costs, which need to be offset by other savings. Automating mine-site machinery offers one potential source of such savings.Underground mines pioneered automated technology largely for safety and mine accessibility reasons and to reduce operating costs. Yet these operations now represent a much smaller portion of the total ore tonnes mined due to the changing mining techniques meaning larger lower grade deposits are becoming economic. It appears the future of mine automation will be directed by surface mining as this maturing technology finds further applications above ground and in the next decade large scale open pit automation trials gain more momentum.This paper assesses the implications of introducing driverless haul trucks in a typical large remote Australian open-pit mine. Such automation will save employee and associated costs, increase operational productive hours and ultimately will reduce mine site workforce numbers. While there will be fewer jobs per mine, with reduced costs and higher productivity some previously uneconomic mines may again be profitable.The social implications of greater mine site automation are the reduction in population of remote mining towns and a decrease in the lower skilled labour requirements for the mining sector. There will be an increase in fly-in fly-out mining operations and companies will establish remote control centres for automated mines in larger cities. This may decrease overall labour requirements and so reduce employment in the sector; therefore, the government should be mindful of implementing policies that ensure a fair return on the economic rent of mineral leases.     

Open-plan office noise: Cognitive performance and restoration

The aim of the present study was to investigate cognitive, emotional, and physiological effects of two open-plan office noise conditions (high noise: 51 LAeq and low noise: 39 LAeq) during work in a simulated open-plan office, followed by four restoration conditions (river movie with sound, only river sound, silence, and office noise) after the work period. Students (N = 47) went through one practice session and two experimental sessions, one each with the low and high noise conditions. In each experimental session they worked for 2 h with tasks involving basic working memory processes. We also took physiological measures of stress (cortisol and catecholamines) and self-reports of mood and fatigue. Analyses indicate that the participants remembered fewer words, rated themselves as more tired, and were less motivated with work in noise compared to low noise. In the restoration phase the participants who saw a nature movie (including river sounds) rated themselves as having more energy after the restoration period in comparison with both the participants who listened to noise and river sounds. Remaining in office noise during the restoration phase also affected motivation more negatively than listening to river sounds or watching the nature movie. The findings bear on the appropriateness of open-plan office designs and the possibilities for restoration available in office settings.     

城市室内灰尘重金属水平、影响因素及健康风险:以贵阳市为例

本研究以贵阳市为研究区域,选择73户家庭和6间办公室采集室内灰尘样品,用ICP-OES测定灰尘中常量元素Ca、Fe和重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量,探究室内灰尘重金属水平及影响因素,并综合室内和室外灰尘暴露量,评估儿童所受灰尘重金属健康风险.结果表明:1家庭室内灰尘中Ca、Fe的平均含量(g·kg-1)为107、31.9;Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量(mg·kg-1)分别为1.77、107、231、81.9、199、721;2办公室灰尘中Cu和Zn含量显著高于家庭灰尘,其他元素与其在家庭灰尘中的含量差别不大;3不同楼层家庭灰尘中Ca、Fe含量差别不大,Cd、Cu和Pb含量差异明显,1楼室内灰尘重金属含量相对较高,同时高层住宅室内Pb含量大于低层住宅;4家庭住户室外环境和室内装修及使用情况等导致家庭室内灰尘重金属水平差异分布;5灰尘重金属对儿童的暴露没有表现出明显的健康风险.     

液桥凝聚用于办公废纸脱墨的研究

研究了混合办公废纸脱墨的选择性凝聚技术，在废纸浆中添加分散在水中并不与水相溶的长链烷作凝聚剂，这些凝聚剂选择性地将印刷墨粉通过液桥连结在一起，且形成大颗粒的球形聚团，再分选脱除。研究表明只需要加入占纸重量4％的廉价长链烷，即可获得95％以上的脱墨率。因此在混合办公废纸脱墨时加入凝聚剂进行液桥凝聚，可降低脱墨浆中的尘埃度并增加产品的白度。     

一种针对无线设备实现自动化测试的解决方案

文章针对多种无线设备提出了一种通用的自动化测试平台解决方案。传统的自动化测试应用程序大多针对一种具体的无线设备和可编程的测量仪器,扩展性较差。该平台采用插件式的设计方式,根据需要添加针对被测设备和测试项的测试方法即可完成相应项的测试,无须修改原有的程序,提高了软件的适应性和扩展能力。     

济南冬季典型商业室内环境颗粒物污染特征

2010年1月31日~2月7日,利用宽范围颗粒物分光计(WPS)对济南典型商业室内环境(超市和办公室)的颗粒物数浓度进行了研究.结果显示颗粒物数浓度主要分布在爱根模态(20~100nm),济南室内颗粒物总数浓度(10~2500nm)和国外一些发达国家相当,但质量浓度高一个数量级.超市和办公室颗粒物的日变化和粒径分布研究表明,超市和办公室颗粒物浓度主要受到室外源控制,同时办公室颗粒物浓度还受到打印机使用和吸烟的影响.超市打扫卫生和频繁的顾客流动虽使粗模态颗粒物的体积浓度提升4~7倍,但仅占颗粒物总体积浓度的5%左右.办公室内打印机的使用可使室内30nm左右的颗粒物数浓度显著升高,并且在打印机结束使用后高浓度仍可维持20min左右;吸烟使办公室100nm左右颗粒物升高且可维持6h,吸烟时白天颗粒物体积浓度是无吸烟时的2.5倍,说明即使在受到室外高浓度的颗粒物控制时,这2个室内源的贡献仍不容忽视.