黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体内的石油烃的测定

在１９９０－９７－１９９１－１２期间,监测了黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体内的污染物残留量,计算了沿岸软体动物体内石油烃含量的本底值为３．４７－１９．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ,用本底值的上限作为评价标准,对沿岸贝类的石油污染状况,按污染程度做了海区划分,结果是大连湾,长江口,锦州湾的经济贝类是石油烃污染严重的区域。     

Microbial changes in rhizospheric soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons after bioremediation

Effects of bioremediation on microbial communities jn soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons are a scientific problem to be solved. Changes in dominate microbial species and the total amount of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi in rhizospheric soils after bioremediation were thus evaluated using field bioremediation experiments. The results showed that there were changed dominant microorganisms including ] ] bacterial strains which are mostly Gram positive bacteria and 6 fungal species which were identified. The total amount of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi increased after bioremediation of microbial agents combined with planting maize. On the contrary, fungi in rhizospheric soils were inhibited by adding microbial agents combined with planting soybean.     

效益型安全管理在石油企业主营业务中的应用——以钻井地质设计的事故树(FTA)分析为例

为了实现石油企业的效益与安全兼顾,引入安全管理的事故树(FTA)分析法查找主要风险点,利用计算机软件模拟预测主营业务的生产流程,对每个技术环节定量计算、精准投入,规避并控制风险点,在收获并保护油层的同时保证安全生产,从而实现效益与安全兼顾;通过实例表明,该方法在企业的安全管理中是可行的.     

油田工程建设安全管理策略和实践

委内瑞拉石油工业有100多年的历史,安全环保法规体系完备,媒体等第三方舆论监管得力。在这样的外部环境下,从事石油作业,必须坚持高标准、严要求,慎重对待工程建设过程中的每一个安全问题。结合项目自身特点和当地外部环境,在石油工程建设的各个方面,应用推广了多种安全风险分析控制方法,使项目安全管理更加科学、更加有效,保证工程建设项目安全顺利完成。     

3种石油烃降解菌对石油烃的降解效果及其细胞表面疏水性

选取3种石油烃降解菌:假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.,DS-1)、铜绿色假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,DS-2)和无色杆菌(Achromobacter sp.,DS-3),研究其对石油烃的降解效果及其细胞表面疏水性。结果表明,经过6d的降解,3种石油烃降解菌对石油烃的降解率分别为99.08%、79.75%、84.34%。石油烃的黏附性测试和盐析聚集测试结果表明,3种石油烃降解菌均表现出较高的细胞表面疏水性,其规律为DS-1DS-3DS-2。其中DS-1的细胞表面疏水性最高,达65.90%。DS-1、DS-2和DS-3菌株发生盐析聚集所需最小(NH4)2SO4摩尔浓度分别为2.0、2.8、2.4 mol/L。菌株的细胞表面疏水性和降解有机物的能力有着较高的相关性。     

Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediment Cores of Selected Creeks in Delta State,Nigeria

The spatial and seasonal distribution and concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in core sediments of Ubeji, Ifie, and Egbokodo creeks in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. A total of 222 core sediment samples were collected during the wet season (August 2010) and the dry season (January 2011). The samples were dried, Soxhlet extracted, fractionated, and injected into a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The concentrations of PAHs ranged from not detected to 2,654 μg/kg (wet season) and not detected to 3,513 μg/kg (dry season). In general, the concentrations of PAHs for a number of stations in this study are comparable to sites with high anthropogenic activities in the Niger Delta. The toxicity risk assessment based on the total BaP equivalent quotient of the seven carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, Chry, BbF, BkF, BaP, DBA, and Iper) was 97.416 μg/kg and did not exceed the method B cleanup level for benzo(a)pyrene (137 μg/kg), according to toxic equivalency factors, which implied that PAHs in sediments of the present study currently have minimal adverse effects. This study provided information on the concentrations and profiles of PAHs sediment cores, which is useful for source diagnosis, environmental quality management, contamination history, and environmental forensic studies.     

石油污染土壤中多环芳烃分析及生态风险评价

对中原油田石油污染土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的残留量进行了调查。结果表明,PAHs总残留量范围为70.8～5 013.2μg.kg-1,且以3环以上多环芳烃组分为主。其中,苯并[a]芘检出率为100%,采油树前地表土壤苯并[a]芘检出量很高,最高可达996.9μg.kg-1。参考加拿大农业区域土壤PAHs的治理标准值,采用内梅罗综合指数法进行评价的结果表明:运行中和停产时间较短的油井周围土壤的生态风险较高;油井运行状态、停产时间及距采油树(污染源)的距离对土壤的生态风险都有影响,油井停产时间越长,其周围土壤的生态风险随之降低,距污染源越远,土壤生态风险越低。     

The Viareggio LPG accident: Lessons learnt

On June 29th, 2009 the derailment of a freight train carrying 14 LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) tank-cars near Viareggio, in Italy, caused a massive LPG release. A gas cloud formed and ignited triggering a flash-fire that resulted in 31 fatalities and in extended damages to residential buildings around the railway line. The vulnerability of the area impacted by the flash-fire emerged as the main factor in determining the severity of the final consequences. Important lessons learnt from the accident concern the need of specific regulations and the possible implementation of safety devices for tank-cars carrying LPG and other liquefied gases under pressure. Integrated tools for consequence assessment of heavy gas releases in urban areas may contribute to robust decision making for mitigation and emergency planning.     

基于AHP-最小判别的逐级判别模型的石油企业安全应急能力评价

为评价石油企业安全事故应急能力现状,改善其应急管理能力,从监控预警能力、应急处理能力、恢复总结能力3个方面构建了石油企业应急能力的评价指标体系,然后采用AHP-最小判别的逐级判别方法构建了石油企业安全事故应急能力评价模型,并将其用于某石油企业安全事故应急能力的评价过程中,最后以"最差"的关键指标为标准,确定了该石油企业安全事故应急能力的等级。结果表明:该石油企业安全事故应急能力处于一般水平,其中应急建设工作、应急指挥协调能力、监测预警能力和恢复处理能力是影响该石油企业应急能力的最关键因素。该方法为提高该石油企业应急管理能力提供了量化的依据。     

石油污染地下水有机污染组分特征及其环境指示效应

通过采集我国北方某污染场地地下水样品,用GC-MS扫描分析石油烃成分及含量,研究油田开采情况下石油烃污染物在地下水中的分布变化及其对环境的指示作用.结果表明,地下水中总石油烃(TPH)均值为4.75mg/L;组分包括烷烃、芳香烃、酯类、醛类以及醇类等有机化合物,烷烃类含量最高,占总油百分含量平均值为65.6%;沿着地下水流向烷烃和芳香烃所占百分含量减少,分别从70.05%和14.56%下降至57.72%和10.58%,而非烃类逐渐富集,其百分含量从15.39%增加至31.72%.由样品色谱参数可知:场地Pr/Ph值在0.73~1.27之间,表明地下水处于缺氧的还原环境;Pr/C17值在0.42~1.51之间;Ph/C18值在0.61~1.30之间,指示出较强的微生物作用;细菌数与非烃类含量、Pr/C17以及Ph/C18之间呈现出正线性相关性,Pr/C17和Ph/C18值越大微生物作用越强.不同季节对石油烃浓度变化也有一定影响.