Impacts of Roads and Hunting on Central African Rainforest Mammals

Abstract:  Road expansion and associated increases in hunting pressure are a rapidly growing threat to African tropical wildlife. In the rainforests of southern Gabon, we compared abundances of larger (>1 kg) mammal species at varying distances from forest roads and between hunted and unhunted treatments (comparing a 130-km² oil concession that was almost entirely protected from hunting with nearby areas outside the concession that had moderate hunting pressure). At each of 12 study sites that were evenly divided between hunted and unhunted areas, we established standardized 1-km transects at five distances (50, 300, 600, 900, and 1200 m) from an unpaved road, and then repeatedly surveyed mammals during the 2004 dry and wet seasons. Hunting had the greatest impact on duikers ( Cephalophus spp. ), forest buffalo ( Syncerus caffer nanus ), and red river hogs ( Potamochoerus porcus ), which declined in abundance outside the oil concession, and lesser effects on lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) and carnivores. Roads depressed abundances of duikers, sitatungas ( Tragelaphus spekei gratus ), and forest elephants ( Loxondonta africana cyclotis ), with avoidance of roads being stronger outside than inside the concession. Five monkey species showed little response to roads or hunting, whereas some rodents and pangolins increased in abundance outside the concession, possibly in response to greater forest disturbance. Our findings suggest that even moderate hunting pressure can markedly alter the structure of mammal communities in central Africa. Roads had the greatest impacts on large and small ungulates, with the magnitude of road avoidance increasing with local hunting pressure.     

稠油污水处理高效反相破乳剂应用现状

总结了稠油污水的特点及造成稠油污水难处理的原因,介绍了反相破乳剂的作用机理,提出了作为反相破乳剂的要求,评述了国内稠油污水处理的反相破乳剂的应用现状,分析了稠油污水处理用反相破乳剂的发展方向。     

红外光度法测定低浓度水样中的石油类和动植物油研究

文章对如何提高低浓度样品测量的准确度进行了探讨.在测量低浓度的水样时,在萃取过程中除了四氯化碳会对水样中的油份进行萃取,水对四氯化碳中的极性物质也进行反萃取,当样品中含油浓度很低时,由于四氯化碳含极性物质可能大于油分含量,从而出现负值.因此测定低浓度水样中的石油类和动植物油是一项精细的工作,在实际工作中应该尽量采取下文所述的方法避免这种情况,只有做好了测量的各个环节,才能保证测量结果的精确可靠.     

Distribution of actinomycetes in oil contaminated ultisols of the Niger Delta (Nigeria)

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｃｔｉｎｏｍｙｃｅｔｅｓ(ｆｉｌａｍｅｎｔｏｕｓｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ)ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅａｇｒｏｕｐｏｆｍｉｃｒｏｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓｔｈａｔｉｓｗｉｄｅｌｙｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｉｎｓｏｉｌ.Ｐｌａｔｉｎｇｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｓｇｉｖｅｖａｌｕｅｓｒａｎｇｉｎｇｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ 10 5ａｎｄ 10 8ｃｏｌｏｎｙｆｏｒｍｉｎｇｕｎｉｔｓ(ｃｆｕ) ｐｅｒｇｒａｍｏｆｓｏｉｌｉｎｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｅｚｏｎｅａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｌｏｗｅｒｖａｌｕｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｒｅｃｏｒｄｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏ…     

柴油和燃料油对小球藻的急性毒性试验研究

测定了0#柴油、0#船用柴油和船用重质燃料油在不同时间对海产小球藻的急性毒性效应,发现在低浓度时对小球藻有刺激作用,在高浓度时能抑制小球藻的生长。本文通过机率单位法对数据进行处理得出三种油品对小球藻的毒性顺序为0#柴油大于03船用柴油大于船用重质燃料油。研究还发现在24-144 h之间三种油品对小球藻的抑制率(EC50值)随时间变化呈规律性变化。     

石油污染对僧帽牡蛎(Ostrea cucullata)抗氧化酶的影响

在厦门岛及附近海域的轮渡码头、杏林湾、同安湾、黄厝4个地点现场采集牡蛎样品，研究牡蛎全组织石油烃含量与其消化腺、鳃超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性之间的关系，并探讨了将僧蛎抗氧化酶作为监测海洋石油污染的生物标志物（biomarker）的可能性。结果表明：（1）采自轮渡码头、杏林湾、同安湾、黄厝的牡蛎全组织石油烃含量分别为380．68、112．34、27．31、20．37μg/g；（2）牡蛎消化腺SOD、CAT活性均高于鳃；（3）牡蛎消化腺和鳃CAT、SOD活性均随石油烃含量的增加而增强，由相关系数来判断两者相关性显著，适合作为海洋石油污染的生物标志物。     

从含油污泥中回收原油

介绍了含油污泥的来源、处理方法以及经济效益和环境效益。     

荧光光谱法鉴别海面溢油源的研究进展

本文以大量的研究成果介绍了荧光光谱技术在鉴别海面溢油源中的应用和进展。根据普通荧光光谱、同步扫描光谱、可变角同步扫描光谱和总荧光光谱等不同荧光光谱信息特等，论述了荧光光谱的三维特性及维特性及其在溢油鉴别中的应用。同时，结合低温荧光法、磷光光谱法、导数荧光光谱法等辅助方法和技术，介绍了国内外荧光光谱法鉴别海面溢油的新进展和新成果。     

山梨醇型凝油剂的制备与性能

介绍了山梨醇型凝油剂的制备方法，以及其胶凝轻质渍及类油物质的性质。结果表明，此类凝油剂对汽油，柴油，机油以及基苯及苯系有机溶剂等的去除率达９０％以上。经生物毒性试验表明，不会对水中鱼类产生毒性效应，凝油后油凝体硬度可达３．９×１０＾４－９．８×１０＾４Ｐａ。可用于各种轻质油及类油物质泄漏等突发性事故的应急处理。     

秦皇岛市废矿物油资源化初探

在分析秦皇岛市废矿物油的产生和排放现状的基础上，指出废矿物油资源化是解决近岸海域油污染的最佳条件，并提出了一些可操作性的废矿物油资源化对策。