我国石油需求预测及经济危机下的应对建议

石油资源的特殊性使得石油市场一直变幻莫测,尤其是当前经济危机影响下,我国石油市场的走向及应对策略成为了各界关注的焦点。石油需求的走向影响着我国石油政策的制定,因此石油需求的预测是很有意义的。本文应用灰色预测GM(1,1)模型,采用了1985至2008年这24年的石油需求数据,对我国未来五年的石油需求进行了预测,结果显示需求量将持续上升,而且增幅较为稳定。在此需求预测的基础上,结合我国目前石油市场的现状分析,认为存在的主要问题在于国内的石油供给不能满足日益增长的需求,导致石油消费对外依存度过高,能源安全存在隐患;另外,工业石油消耗强度过大也导致消费结构不合理,再加上我国石油进口多集中于中东等地区,渠道单一且不确定因素较多。结合当前经济危机条件的冲击影响,从保证国内石油供给、平衡能源消费结构和石油进口区域多元化这三方面提出了相关建议,认为应该加大国内外找油的步伐,多区域进口石油,并加大新能源和低能耗能源的研发,全面保障我国石油市场健康运行。     

浅谈突发溢油事件应急处置技术及装置的应用

概述了海洋溢油应急处置的技术方法,分析了溢油应急处置装置设备的应用特点,为海洋溢油应急处置工作提供理论依据。     

温度对吸油毡吸油性影响试验研究

分别利用低温和高温环境试验箱严格模拟环境温度,在不同温度环境下测试四种常用吸油毡对三种渤海原油的吸油性。试验同时测定三种原油的凝点,用于探索油品凝点对吸油毡吸油性的影响。试验结果表明:被测试的十二组吸油过程均属于物理过程,提出的关于吸油毡表面黏附和渗透作用的数学模式能较好描述这些过程;对于这三种原油而言,渗透吸油作用在冬季只适合于绥中原油;另外,吸油毡对三种原油,即使在夏秋季也无法达到最大吸油性;黏附和渗透吸油倍数同原油凝点以及吸油毡类型有关。四种吸油毡中,MXU1000系列的吸油性最好,羊毛毡的吸油性最低。     

海洋石油平台生活污水处理系统杀菌方式优化

目前海洋石油平台生活污水处理系统广泛采用氯片或氯粉杀菌,其采购成本高,稀释浓度不易控制,药剂添加困难。海洋石油平台多数配有造氯系统产生氯水,以限制海生物的附着生长。实验表明:使用合适浓度的氯水能使生活污水达到GB 4914-2008《海洋石油勘探开发污染物排放浓度限值》中的相关要求,优化了杀菌方式。     

长庆油田油气泄漏防治体系建设与应用

为防治油气泄漏事件,长庆油田以重点环境保护目标为对象,按照层级防护、标本兼治、数字预警、分级响应、就地控制的原则,建设油气泄漏防治体系,明确和落实油田公司、厂处、作业区、生产岗位四个层级的防治范围和职责,构建系统参数预警报警、阀门截断、基础防护三道防线,全面提升安全环保的防范能力和水平。保证事故状态下,能够在最短时间、最小范围内进行最有效的处置,实现重点环境保护目标的安全。     

葡萄酒副产品深度利用的研究进展

介绍了葡萄皮渣、葡萄籽、酒脚的深度利用途径：葡萄皮渣可用于酿酒、酿醋、提取色素和多酚、吸附重金属;葡萄籽可以提取葡萄籽油、葡萄籽蛋白和抗氧化物质;酒脚可以提取酒石酸盐。开展葡萄酒副产品的深度利用,不仅可以获得良好的经济效益,而且可有效减轻环保压力,获得巨大的社会效益。     

Determination of levels of polychlorinated biphenyl in transformers oil from some selected transformers in parts of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana

Although polychlorinated biphenyls have never been manufactured in Ghana, it has been used extensively as dielectric fluid in electric transformers and capacitors. However, very little is known of its health and environmental impacts by both managers of these transformers and capacitors and also the general public. This work therefore seeks to explore INAA as a possible alternative to screening transformer oils for PCBs by determining the total chlorine content. The total chlorine content of transformer oil samples from Ghana that tested positive and some randomly selected samples that tested negative from screening using CLOR-N-OIL test kits, have had their total chlorine estimated. INAA using the Research Reactor located at the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission was used to estimate the total chlorine content of the oil samples. Neutron Activation and gamma ray spectroscopy using HPGe detector coupled to MAESTRO 32 software was used to determine the total chlorine content by integrating the peak area of the spectrum into a simplified program that was developed from the activation equation. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis was able to validate the result obtained from the test kits screening with accuracy 7.5%.The minimum total chlorine content of the positive samples determined by NAA was 71.34 μg g⁻¹.     

Diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific determination of hexabromocyclododecane in fish oil for food and feed

Fish oils are one of the main sources of ω-3 fatty acids. However, they can present elevated levels of some lipophilic pollutants, such as hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). Since data about HBCDs in fish oil samples are very limited, in this study, 25 samples of fish oil for feed and food have been analyzed. Total HBCDs, as well as, α-, β- and γ-diastereoisomers have been determined. Total HBCDs ranged from 0.09 to 26.8 ng g⁻¹, with higher concentrations in fish oil for feed (average value of 9.69 ng g⁻¹) than those for food (1.14 ng g⁻¹). Concentrations of α-HBCD (average value of 4.12 ng g⁻¹ in feed samples and 0.48 ng g⁻¹ in food samples) and γ-HBCD (5.05 and 0.43 ng g⁻¹ respectively) were higher than that of β-HBCD (0.52 and 0.19 ng g⁻¹ respectively) in most of the samples. However, none of them was predominant in the samples. Concentrations of HBCDs were compared to concentrations of other pollutants and correlation between dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs levels and HBCDs levels were observed. Intake of HBCDs was calculated for fish oil with human consumption purposes and it ranged from 0.08 to 5.38 ng HBCDs d⁻¹, which could contribute significantly to HBCDs total intake. Enantiomeric fractions were also determined. No clear enrichment was observed for γ-HBCD, while (−)-α-HBCD enrichment was detected in some samples.     

Detailed characterization of polar compounds of residual oil in contaminated soil revealed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Effects of remediation technologies on polar compounds of crude oil in contaminated soils have not been well understood when compared to hydrocarbons. In this study, ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was used to characterize the changes in NSO polar compounds of crude oil and residual oil after long-term natural attenuation, biostimulation and subsequent ozonation following biostimulation of contaminated soils. N₁ and O₁ species, which were abundant in the crude oil, were selectively biodegraded, and species with higher double bond equivalent values and smaller carbon numbers appeared to be more resistant to microbial alteration. O₂-O₆ species were enriched by biodegradation and contained a large number of compounds with a high degree of unsaturation. Ozone could react with a variety of polar compounds in residual oil after biodegradation and showed high reactivity with polar species containing aromatic or multi-aliphatic rings, including the residual N₁ and O₁ species, naphthenic acids and unsaturated O₃-O₆ compounds. Fatty acids and O₃-O₈ species dominated by saturated alkyl compounds were resistant to ozonation or the primarily incomplete ozonation products. Principal component analysis of identified peaks in the FT-ICR MS spectra provided a comprehensive overview of the complex samples at the molecular level and the results were consistent with the detailed analysis. Taken together, these results showed the high complexity of polar compounds in residual oils after biodegradation or ozonation in contaminated soil and would contribute to a better understanding of bioremediation and ozonation processes.     

Toxicity of dispersant application: Biomarkers responses in gills of juvenile golden grey mullet (Liza aurata)

Dispersant use in nearshore areas is likely to increase the exposure of aquatic organisms to petroleum. To measure the toxicity of this controversial response technique, golden grey mullets (Liza aurata) were exposed to mechanically dispersed oil, chemically dispersed oil, dispersant alone in seawater, water-soluble fraction of oil and to seawater as a control treatment. Several biomarkers were assessed in the gills (enzymatic antioxidant activities, glutathione content, lipid peroxidation) and in the gallbladder (polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites). The significant differences between chemically dispersed oil and water soluble fraction of oil highlight the environmental risk to disperse an oil slick when containment and recovery can be conducted. The lack of significance between chemically and mechanically dispersed oil suggests that dispersant application is no more toxic than the natural dispersion of the oil slick. The results of this study are of interest in order to establish dispersant use policies in nearshore areas.