有机化学实验教学中的污染控制

基础化学实验涉及学科专业门类多,实验排放大量的各种各样的污染物,大多没有进行处理就直接排放,针对目前现状,论述有机化学实验教学中污染控制的重要性,通过采用性质实验压缩化、经典合成小量化、实验资源循环化手段,充分发挥学生的主体作用,培养学生的创新能力,逐步减少有机实验污巢,实现有机实验绿色化的设想。     

Using polarized muons as ultrasensitive spin labels in free radical chemistry

In a chemical sense, the positive muon is a light proton. It is obtained at the ports of accelerators in beams with a spin polarization of 100%, which makes it a highly sensitive probe of matter. The muonium atom is a light hydrogen isotope, nine times lighter than H, with a muon as its nucleus. It reacts the same way as H, and by addition to double bonds it is implemented in free radicals in which the muon serves as a fully polarized spin label. It is reviewed here how the muon can be used to obtain information about muonium and radical reaction rates, radical structure, dynamics, and local environments. It can even tell us what a fragrance molecule does in a shampoo.     

基于量子化学分析表面活性剂对不同煤种润湿机理的影响*

为研究不同类型表面活性剂对煤润湿性的调控机理,首先将所选煤样的润湿性与煤样成分进行关联分析,然后采用透过高度法实验及量子化学计算相结合的方法研究表面活性剂对煤样润湿性的影响效果及机理。结果表明:煤的润湿性与煤中固有水分、灰分呈正相关关系,与煤中固定碳呈负相关关系;所选取的4种表面活性剂的加入会降低褐煤的亲水性,而对长焰煤、焦煤和无烟煤亲水性有提升作用,并且十二烷基硫酸钠对于这3种煤样亲水性的提升作用最为明显;表面活性剂分子、水分子及煤分子的表面静电势分布共同决定了表面活性剂对煤浸润性的影响。     

光化学降解有机磷农药研究进展

光化学降解有机磷农药是一种高效、无二次污染的非生物转化过程,也是有机磷农药在环境中的主要降解途径.本文通过介绍光化学方法降解有机磷农药的基本原理、有机磷农药的主要光化学反应类型、光化学降解过程中光敏(猝灭)剂的作用及影响光化学反应的因素,分析了今后光化学降解有机磷农药研究中需要关注的问题,提出将有机磷农药的光催化氧化技术与其他方法相结合,研发高效、经济的新技术是今后农药残留降解技术研究的重点.     

加拿大西北油田试井分离器厂房爆炸事故

介绍了试井分离器厂房内可燃气体积聚爆炸事故的经过,分析了事故发生的直接原因和间接原因,并提出了相应的改进建议.     

油田外排污水处理技术及研究进展

随着我国油田的不断开发,油田相继进人高含水开采期,采出液的综合含水率达到9000以上,大量多余油田污水不断产生,因此做好油田污水处理是当务之急.本文针对油田污水的产生及特点.介绍了油田外排污水的主要处理技术,综述了目前油田外排污水处理技术的研究和应用进展,以及亟待解决的问题,并对今后油田外排污水处理技术的发展提出了展望...     

浅析海上油田企业溢油应急物资配置

针对海上油田企业溢油事故的特点,分析了海上油田企业溢油应急物资配置的工作流程、工作内容以及应该注意的几个问题。     

有机物的结构——活性/性质定量关系及其在环境化学和环境毒理学中的应用

有机物结构-活性定量关系研究(QSAR,Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship)用于环境化学和环境毒理学领域取得了引人注目的成功。有机污染物在环境中的行为,尤其在生物体内的富集和致毒是环境化学和环境毒理学的主要研究方向之一。QSAR法可以从已有的大量情报中最大量地提取有关环境污染物结构—活性关系进行深入的研究。     

油田开发项目环境影响评价分析

从污染方面对石油开发项目环境影响评价的重点进行了分析;在环境污染评价方面,阐述了石油企业对地表水、地下水、海域、土壤、大气、固体废弃物和噪声七个方面的污染问题,以及环境影响评价在油田开发项目中的重要性。     

Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol in a frigid urban atmosphere

•Harbin showed relatively high threshold RH (80%) for apparent increase of SOR. •The observed SOR were at the lower end of the ratios from Beijing’s winter. •Temperature-dependent increase of NOR was sharper than that of SOR. • NOR increased with stronger biomass burning impact but SOR was largely unchanged. Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was investigated during a six-month long heating season in Harbin, China. Enhanced sulfate formation was observed at high relative humidity (RH), with the same threshold RH (80%) for both colder and warmer measurement periods. Compared to wintertime results from Beijing, the threshold RH was considerably higher in Harbin, whereas the RH-dependent enhancement of sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) was less significant. In addition, the high RH events were rarely encountered, and for other periods, the SOR were typically as low as ~0.1. Therefore, the sulfate formation was considered inefficient in this study. After excluding the several cases with high RH, both SOR and the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) exhibited increasing trends as the temperature increased, with the increase of NOR being sharper. The nitrate to sulfate ratio tended to increase with increasing temperature as well. Based on a semi-quantitative approach, this trend was attributed primarily to the temperature-dependent variations of precursors including SO₂ and NO₂. The influence of biomass burning emissions on SIA formation was also evident. With stronger impact of biomass burning, an enhancement in NOR was observed whereas SOR was largely unchanged. The different patterns were identified as the dominant driver of the larger nitrate to sulfate ratios measured at higher concentrations of fine particulate matter.