外来入侵植物化感作用与土壤相互关系研究进展

文章以全球普遍关注的外来植物入侵为背景,综述了外来入侵植物化感物质与土壤化学性质(土壤pH,土壤有机碳和有机质,土壤中的化学元素等)、土壤生物群落(土壤微生物、土壤动物)的关系。并探讨了未来研究需要加强的几个方面,包括将化感作用与野外实际情况相结合研究,更真实的反映田间状况;进一步探讨微生物在化感物质生物变化过程中的作用及其机理;化感物质作为信号物质如何影响微生物代谢,从而影响地上植物;深入研究化感作用与土壤之间的相互关系,为入侵植物生物防治的安全性提供理论指导等方面。     

硫酸盐非均相机制对颗粒物污染的影响:上海典型污染事件的WRF-Chem模拟

硫酸盐气溶胶是大气中细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的重要组成部分,对霾的形成起着重要作用.传统的模式中硫酸盐生成机制主要包括SO₂与·OH的气相反应和SO₂·H₂O水合物产生的亚硫酸与O₃/H₂O₂的液相反应.SO₂非均相生成硫酸盐的机制（在高NH₃情景下,以NO₂为氧化剂,非均相摄取SO₂）非常重要,尤其成为重污染期间颗粒物浓度暴发性增长的原因之一.将硫酸盐非均相机制的参数化方案纳入WRF-Chem模式,模拟了2017年1月的长三角区域污染物浓度,评估了硫酸盐非均相反应对颗粒物浓度模拟的提高及其对长三角重污染的贡献.结果表明,传统WRF-Chem模式模拟的上海地区硫酸盐月均浓度为6.5μg·m^-3,较观测值低估33%;尤其是在重颗粒物污染期间,低估高达127%.加入硫酸盐非均相机制后,WRF-Chem对硫酸盐的模拟效果得到显著提升,...     

聚合物驱注入液黏度稳定剂研究进展

油田采出水中影响聚合物溶液黏度的主要因素有金属离子、还原性物质、细菌等,次要影响因素有pH值、溶解氧、含油量、悬浮固体、残余聚合物、残余化学剂等。针对以上影响因素,可通过投加适宜的化学剂来消除影响,从而控制聚合物溶液的黏度损失。根据作用机理,目前常用的黏度稳定剂可分为水质改性型和黏度稳定型两种,对造成黏度损失的主要因素可投加水质改性型药剂、对溶解氧等问题可投加黏度稳定型药剂来降低黏度损失。此外,不同单剂组合的复配可通过协同作用有效地提高药剂效果,复合型药剂的应用前景将更为广阔。     

Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution

Sixteen wooden structures with two roofs each were installed to study runoff quality for four commonly used roofing materials (wood shingle, composition shingle, painted aluminum, and galvanized iron) at Nacogdoches, Texas. Each roof, either facing NW or SE, was 1.22 m wide x 3.66 m long with a 25.8% roof slope. Thus, there were 32 alternatively arranged roofs, consisting of four roof types x two aspects x four replicates, in the study. Runoff from the roofs was collected through galvanized gutters, downspouts, and splitters. The roof runoff was compared to rainwater collected by a wet/dry acid rain collector for the concentrations of eight water quality variables, i.e. Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), Mg(2+), Al(3+), EC and pH. Based on 31 storms collected between October 1997 and December 1998, the results showed: (1) concentrations of pH, Cu, and Zn in rainwater already exceed the EPA freshwater quality standards even without pollutant inputs from roofs, (2) Zn and Cu, the two most serious pollutants in roof runoff, exceeded the EPA national freshwater water quality standards in virtually 100% and more than 60% of the samples, respectively, (3) pH, EC, and Zn were the only three variables significantly affected by roofing materials, (4) differences in Zn concentrations were significant among all roof types and between all roof runoff and rainwater samples, (5) although there were no differences in Cu concentrations among all roof types and between roof runoff and rainwater, all means and medians of runoff and rainwater exceeded the national water quality standards, (6) water quality from wood shingles was the worst among the roof types studied, and (7) although SE is the most frequent and NW the least frequent direction for incoming storms, only EC, Mg, Mn, and Zn in wood shingle runoff from the SE were significantly higher than those from the NW; the two aspects affected no other elements in runoff from the other three roof types. Also, Zn concentrations from new wood-shingle roofs were significantly higher than those from aged roofs of a previous study. The study demonstrated that roofs could be a serious source of nonpoint water pollution. Since Zn is the most serious water pollutant and wood shingle is the worst of the four roof types, using less compounds and materials associated with Zn along with good care and maintenance of roofs are critical in reducing Zn pollution in roof runoff.     

海洋石油开发工程环境影响后评价初探

环境影响后评价是环境影响评价的延伸和发展,将项目后评价的思想引入项目环境管理体系,发展了环境影响后评价的概念。目前环境影响后评价理论和方法体系尚处于发展初期的探索阶段。文章论述了建设项目环境后评价的概念、作用和评价原则及其与环境影响评价的区别,对海洋石油开发工程的环境影响及其影响后评价方法进行了探讨,并以北部湾油田开发工程作为实例进行了说明。     

Part IV: Fitness for Aquatic Systems Long-term Forecast: Key to groundwater protection

Groundwater resources are at risk from pollution, climate change and land-management practices. Long-term forecast is a tool to demonstrate future development and to support decisions on measures which can be implemented, controlled and eventually corrected. As the basis for preventive action, a forecast can be viewed as a key to groundwater protection. The soil zone plays a vital role in groundwater protection. Research on soil and groundwater trends, as affected by change of climate and/or land-management practices, is on the agenda. Integrated research is necessary to develop numerical soil-water system models reflecting all relevant transport processes at various scales. Even relatively simple problems like forecasting pollutant release from contaminated materials are difficult to resolve. Batch tests may be sufficient in low-risk cases. At higher risk when contaminated substrates are chosen for deposition on a large scale, a thorough characterization of the materials is necessary covering all aspects of stability and possible changes of the environment.     

Depressed resilience of bluefin tuna in the western atlantic and age truncation

Following intense overfishing in the 1970s, the western stock of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) experienced a long period of depressed abundance, which has been attributed to failure of the population to periodically produce large numbers of juveniles, the western stock mixing with the more highly exploited eastern stock (fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea), and regime shift in the population's ecosystem resulting in lower replacement rates. To evaluate the presence of relatively strong years of juvenile production, we analyzed age structure from a recent sample of otoliths (ear stones) collected from the western stock (2011–2013, North Carolina, U.S.A., winter fishery). Mixing levels for the recent sample were analyzed using otolith stable isotopes to test whether age structure might be biased through immigration of eastern stock bluefin tuna. Age structure from historical samples collected from United States and Canadian fisheries (1975–1981) was compared with more recent samples (1996–2007) to examine whether demographic changes had occurred to the western stock that might have disrupted juvenile production. Relatively high juvenile production occurred in 2003, 2005, and 2006. Otolith stable isotope analysis showed that these recruitments were mostly of western stock origin. However, these high recruitments were >2‐fold less than historical recruitment. We found substantial age truncation in the sampled fisheries. Half the historical sample was >20 years old (mean age = 20.1 [SD 3.7]; skewness = ?0.3), whereas <5% of the recent sample was >20 years old (mean age = 13.4 [SD 3.8]; skewness = 1.3). Loss of age structure is consistent with changes in fishing selectivity and trends in the stock assessment used for management. We propose that fishing, as a forcing variable, brought about a threshold shift in the western stock toward lower biomass and production, a shift that emulates the regime shift hypothesis. An abbreviated reproductive life span compromised resilience by reducing the period over which adults spawn and thereby curtailing the stock's ability to sample year‐to‐year variability in conditions that favor offspring survival (i.e., storage effect). Because recruitment dynamics by the western stock exhibit threshold dynamics, returning it to a higher production state will entail greater reductions in exploitation rates.     

Effects of Nitrate Nitrogen Additions on Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters in Lake Enclosures

The effects of nitrate additions on the physics, chemistry and biology of lake water were studied in 5 × 10 m polyethylene enclosures installed in Lake Kastoria, a shallow eutrophic lake in Northern Greece. The water physics, chemistry, chlorophyll a and nitrogenase activity were monitored from July 10 till October 17 1985 at 2 week intervals. The experiment included a control enclosure.

Water confinement in the control enclosure resulted in ammonia accumulation, a slight decrease in chlorophyll a, a significant reduction of nitrogenase activity and an increase in phosphorus release from the sediments at the end of the experimental period.

The addition of KNO₃ resulted in higher than the control accumulation of NH₃, chlorophyll reduction, increase in water transparency and reduction of nitrogenase activity. Large losses of nitrogen added were measured which were attributed to denitrification, organic matter sedimentation and ammonia volatilization. Anaerobic but not aerobic phosphorus release from sediments was inhibited at the end of the period. The reduction of nitrogenase activity and of chlorophyll a concentration are attributed to changes in phytoplankton composition from blue-greens to small-sized species grazed by zooplankters.     

降水中离子浓度与pH值的确定性相关关系研究

关于降水中离子浓度与pH值关系问题的研究多是基于降水化学数据的统计分析。从酸碱平衡理论出发 ,在电中性方程的基础上 ,建立了降水中离子浓度与pH值的确定性相关关系式。结果表明 ,该式具有普适性 ,是反映多种离子综合作用的重要参数。用公式对 50组降水化学数据做了计算分析 ,结果表明 ,降水离子浓度与 pH值的关系研究应考虑足够多的离子种类 ,降水化学数据也应满足 :( 1 )离子平衡值等于或接近 1 .0 ;( 2 )ΔC的正负号与 pH值范围的关系协调一致。可作为降水化学数据是否准确、合理的判据     

油田井下作业TK-5型全自动液气控制天车安全装置

叙述了油田井下作业TK—5型全自动液气控制天车安全装置的工作原理，分析了该装置的安全可靠性。