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351.
油田产出水型地热资源利用探讨——以大庆油田为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
地热是一种清洁的可再生能源,随着传统能源的日益枯竭和人类对环境保护的意识增强,进入中高含水期后的油田在油气生产中携带的大量热能受到了人们的重视。论文以松辽盆地北部的大庆油田为例,根据含油气沉积盆地中地下赋存的载体不同将地热资源分为纯地下水型和油田产出水型地热资源两种。通过分析热源的形成机制,调查油田产出水型地热资源的利用现状,统计出大庆油田年油田产出水量为3.98×108 m3,按照利用10 ℃温差的热能计算,相当于56.95×104 t标准煤的能量,潜力十分巨大,并比较了油田产出水型地热资源热泵供暖与传统锅炉供暖的设备成本和运行费用,以15 a为周期稳定运行可以节约572×104元,经济效益也较为可观,而且地热资源清洁、环保、可循环利用,在油田实际生产中可广泛应用于生活设施等建筑的供暖,以及原油集输伴热等流程中。 相似文献
352.
Mohammed Mahabubur Rahman Jiro Tsukamoto Md. Motiur Rahman Aogu Yoneyama Kamal Mohammad Mostafa 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(6):540-553
Lignin is a major component of plant litter. In this review, we found lignin comprises a complex class of organic compounds whose concentration differs greatly both between and within plant species. There are many analytical methods for detecting the composition and structure of lignins. As lignins are enormously complex compounds, chemical assay is difficult and different methods vary with the results. Lignin plays a significant role in the carbon cycle, sequestering atmospheric carbon into the living tissues of woody perennial vegetation. It has also great effects on nitrogen dynamics of forest ecosystems as well as other ecological processes. Lignin is one of the most slowly decomposing components of dead vegetation, contributing a major fraction of the material that becomes humus as it decomposes. Lignin is highly correlated with decomposition of litter. Thus, there is evidence that the lignin concentration is a more influential factor than the other chemical concentrations, in determining the rate of leaf litter decomposition of different forest ecosystems. Although a great number of researchers have addressed lignin's role in litter decomposition, still there are many aspects of lignin biogeochemistry that are not known. This lack of information hinders complete amalgam of lignin effects on litter decomposition processes and dynamics of nutrient cycling. 相似文献
353.
An accidental exposition of 25 persons to beryllium dust was used to follow up trace analytical and clinical parameters over a period of 10 months. Although no exposed person shows any symptoms of an acute beryllium intoxication, up to 5‐fold increased beryllium concentrations could be analysed in serum samples about 10 hours after exposition. The beryllium clearance shows a biological half time in the range of 2 to 8 weeks. The beryllium determination in the nanogram range was carried out using a combined method by flameless a.a.s. with a detection limit of 0.6 ppb Be and a relative standard deviation from 20 to 4% in relation to the concentration range of beryllium measurement. Beryllium analyses are completed by thorax X‐ray, spirometry, y‐globulins and liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT), which have shown no pathological values. Because it is known for beryllium to sensitize the cellular immune response, neopterin measurement was used to determine the activity of the immune system. Neopterin, a pteridine synthesized by activated macrophages after stimulation by gamma‐interferon derived from sensitized T‐lymphocytes, was determined in urine samples by HPLC combined with an fluorescence detector. Only in two cases a slight increase of neopterin has been found. As a result of this study it can be summarized, that a short‐time exposure to beryllium (10–20 h), which results in a increase of beryllium in serum to the fivefold normal beryllium level, does not initiate any symptoms of an acute beryllium intoxication. The exposed persons are controlled in future to evaluate the further course. 相似文献
354.
以对硝基苯酚溶液为模拟废水,用自制的"Cu核-Cu2O壳"粒子对其进行光催化氧化试验,考察了光照时间、催化剂用量、对硝基苯酚的初始质量浓度、溶液的pH值和光源等对降解过程的影响。结果表明,对硝基苯酚溶液质量浓度为40 mg.L-1,催化剂投加量为2g.L-1,光照120min后降解率达到95%,降解反应符合一级反应动力学。与其他同类光催化剂相比,"Cu核-Cu2O壳"粒子具有较高的光催化活性,而且光催化过程中有氢氧自由基产生,对对硝基苯酚的降解较彻底。 相似文献
355.
356.
Robert Stottlemyer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(4):767-779
ABSTRACT: Weekly precipitation and stream water samples were collected from small watersheds in Denali National Park, Alaska, the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, and the Calumet watershed on the south shore of Lake Superior, Michigan. The objective was to determine if stream water chemistry at the mouth and upstream stations reflected precipitation chemistry across a range of atmospheric inputs of H+, NH4+, NO3??, and SO42?. Volume-weighted precipitation H+, NH4+, NO3??, and SO42? concentrations varied 4 to 8 fold with concentrations highest at Calumet and lowest in Denali. Stream water chemistry varied among sites, but did not reflect precipitation chemistry. The Denali watershed, Rock Creek, had the lowest precipitation NO3?? and SO42? concentrations, but the highest stream water NO3?and SO42? concentrations. Among sites, the ratio of mean monthly upstream NO3?? concentration to precipitation NO3?- concentration declined (p < 0.001, R2= 0.47) as precipitation NO3?? concentration increased. The ratio of mean monthly upstream to precipitation SO42? concentration showed no significant relationship to change in precipitation SO42? concentration. Watersheds showed strong retention of inorganic N (> 90 percent inputs) across inputs ranging from 0.12 to > 6 kg N ha?1 y?1. Factors possibly accounting for the weak or non-existent signal between stream water and precipitation ion concentrations include rapid modification of meltwater and precipitation chemistry by soil processes, and the presence of unfrozen soils which permits winter mineralization and nitrification to occur. 相似文献
357.
Ag沉积对微弧氧化TiO2/Ti膜光催化性能的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
以磷酸钠为电解液,采用微弧氧化技术在钛网上直接制备了TiO2膜.研究了硝酸银光沉积微弧氧化TiO2膜对直接耐晒蓝染料溶液的TiO2膜光催化活性,利用XRD、SEM和EDX对微弧氧化膜晶型、表面形貌和成分进行了分析.结果表明,微弧氧化TiO2膜主要由钛和锐钛矿TiO2组成,TiO2膜的光催化性能与电解时间有关.由于微弧氧化膜中锐钛矿TiO2含量相对较少,膜的光催化性能较差.光沉积银修饰微弧氧化TiO2膜可以改善膜的光催化性能,120 min对直接耐晒蓝溶液的光催化降解率由9.8%提高到26%. 相似文献
358.
Pt掺杂TiO2纳米粉体的制备及其光催化活性研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以钛酸丁酯为前驱物,醋酸为酸催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺有不同质量分数Pt的纳米TiO2粉体.通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等现代分析手段对所制备的不同Pt/TiO2纳米粉体的微观结构进行了表征.并以甲基橙染料的光催化降解为模型反应,考察了不同条件下所制备的光催化剂的光催化活性,探讨了纳米粉体中Pt的掺杂量对其光催化活性的影响.实验结果表明,Pt质量分数为0.2%的纳米TiO2粉体的光催化活性最好,过低或者过高的掺Pt量无法提高TiO2的光催化活性,甚至会降低TiO2的光催化活性. 相似文献
359.
Chuan Lin Renzhi Hu Pinhua Xie Shengrong Lou Guoxian Zhang Jinzhao Tong Jianguo Liu Wenqing Liu 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,34(4):376-390
Comprehensive observations of the nocturnal atmospheric oxidation of NO3 and N2O5 were conducted at a suburban site in Changzhou in the YRD using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) from 27 May to 24 June, 2019. High concentrations of NO3 precursors were observed, and the nocturnal production rate of NO3 was determined to be 1.7 ± 1.2 ppbv/hr. However, the nighttime NO3 and N2O5 concentrations were relatively low, with maximum values of 17.7 and 304.7 pptv, respectively, illustrating the rapid loss of NO3 and N2O5. It was found that NO3 dominated the nighttime atmospheric oxidation, accounting for 50.7%, while O3 and OH only contributed 34.1% and 15.2%, respectively. For the reactions of NO3 with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), styrene was found to account for 60.3%, highlighting its dominant role in the NO3 reactivity. In general, the contributions of the reactions between NO3 and VOCs and the N2O5 uptake to NO3 loss were found to be about 39.5% and 60.5%, respectively, indicating that N2O5 uptake also played an important role in the loss of NO3 and N2O5, especially under the high humidity conditions in China. The formation of nitrate at night mainly originated from N2O5 uptake, and the maximum production rate of NO3− reached 6.5 ppbv/hr. The average NOx consumption rate via NO3 and N2O5 chemistry was found to be 0.4 ppbv/h, accounting for 47.9% of the total NOx removal. The predominant roles of NO3 and N2O5 in nitrate formation and NOx removal in the YRD region was highlighted in this study. 相似文献
360.
Ballschmite K Hackenberg R Jarman WM Looser R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2002,9(4):274-288
Members of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) signed a legally binding protocol on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in February 1998 under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. A treaty that intends to control the production, import, export, disposal and use of toxic chemicals that persist for decades in the environment has been formally signed at a conference in May 2001 in Stockholm. The 2001 POP treaty, like the 1998 LRTAP POP protocol, contains a provision on adding further chemicals to the initial group of twelve or fifteen. The occurrence of a compound or a group of compounds in so called remote and pristine areas, e.g. in the Artic or in the Southern Hemisphere, proves its stability under the chemical and biological conditions of the environment. Compounds identified in this way, in samples taken primarily in very remote regions of the planet, are classified by their environmental fate and global distribution as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), regardless of any political assessments. 相似文献