泰山降水化学及大气传输的研究

为了解泰山降水的化学组成特征及其来源,于2004年7月至12月间在泰山上采集了23场降水样品,进行了pH值、电导率的测定、主要水溶性阴阳离子的分析以及每场降水的后推气流轨迹分析.结果表明,降水pH的雨量加权均值为4.74,电导率的雨量加权均值为2.26mS·m-1,泰山降水已受到酸性污染;降水中浓度较高的阳离子是NH4 和Ca2 ,雨量加权均值浓度分别为50.62和29.04μeq·L-1,浓度较高的阴离子是SO42-和NO3-,雨量加权均值浓度分别为70.32和23.44μeq·L-1;SO42-/NO3-、NH4 /Ca2 当量浓度比的平均值依次为3.41、2.13.对降水的化学组成作了相关性分析,发现NH4 、Ca2 、SO42-、NO3-浓度之间具有很好的相关性;通过气流轨迹分析发现酸性最强的降水气团来自于我国的南部地区或沿途经过华东地区,离子浓度最高的降水气团来自于我国的北部地区或欧洲大陆,来自东亚地区的降水气团的离子浓度最低.     

Chemical characterisation of particulate matter in urban transport modes

Traffic is a main source of air pollutants in urban areas and consequently daily peak exposures tend to occur during commuting. Personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) was monitored while cycling and travelling by bus, car and metro along an assigned route in Lisbon (Portugal), focusing on PM2.5 and PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 and 10 µm, respectively) mass concentrations and their chemical composition. In vehicles, the indoor-outdoor interplay was also evaluated. The PM2.5 mean concentrations were 28?±?5, 31?±?9, 34?±?9 and 38?±?21?µg/m³ for bus, bicycle, car and metro modes, respectively. Black carbon concentrations when travelling by car were 1.4 to 2.0 times higher than in the other transport modes due to the closer proximity to exhaust emissions. There are marked differences in PM chemical composition depending on transport mode. In particular, Fe was the most abundant component of metro PM, derived from abrasion of rail-wheel-brake interfaces. Enhanced concentrations of Zn and Cu in cars and buses were related with brake and tyre wear particles, which can penetrate into the vehicles. In the motorised transport modes, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni and K were correlated, evidencing their common traffic-related source. On average, the highest inhaled dose of PM2.5 was observed while cycling (55 µg), and the lowest in car travels (17 µg). Cyclists inhaled higher doses of PM2.5 due to both higher inhalation rates and longer journey times, with a clear enrichment in mineral elements. The presented results evidence the importance of considering the transport mode in exposure assessment studies.     

中国西南三江流域风化的季节性变化特征

青藏高原的风化可能影响着全球碳循环和长时间尺度气候变化,其风化速率和影响机制一直受到科学界的关注。本研究对发源于青藏高原东部的三江——金沙江、澜沧江和怒江干流进行每月两次,为期一水文年的定点观测研究。结果表明三江水样的pH总体呈弱碱性,水中主要阴阳离子组成和TDS变化明显并且都有明显的季节性变化特征。本研究首先用正演模型评估了不同端元对三江水化学的贡献比例,并估算出金沙江石鼓以上、澜沧江维登以上和怒江六库以上流域的净CO2消耗速率分别为76.3×103 mol/(km2·a)、238.9×103 mol/(km2·a)和189.3×103 mol/(km2·a),雨季净CO2消耗速率可达旱季的2~4倍;反演法估算出的净CO2消耗速率与正演法的相差均在25%以内,表明估算结果的可靠性。     

石家庄地区近70年来伴随经济发展的水文环境变化分析

论文系统分析了石家庄地区70年来伴随社会经济发展的水资源开发历史,结合水文资料探讨了人类活动对区域水文环境变迁的影响。并通过对地下水采样,结合室内水化学和氚同位素测定,确认区域地下水补给来源主要是通过河道得到线状的垂向补给,和上游含水层的侧向补给两种天然途径。城市及工农业发展改变了区域水循环系统的补排结构。河流断流减少了地下水的垂向补给,造成地下水的补给源从原来的天然垂向补给和上游的侧向补给,变为单一的侧向补给。另一方面,大量开采地下水已成为区域地下水排泄的主要方式。其中用于农业灌溉的大部分以蒸发、蒸腾的形式耗散于大气,无法回补。地下水位的持续下降、地下水化学类型转变及其空间分布显示了水量和水质以及生态环境的变化。     

高分子固体废物基活性炭对有机染料的吸附解吸行为研究

分别以3种高分子固体废物,即轮胎橡胶、聚氯乙烯(PVC)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)为原料,利用KOH活化法制备高比表面积活性炭.通过吸附实验研究了活性炭对2种有机染料(亚甲基蓝和甲基橙)的吸附、解吸行为,同时探讨了溶液pH值、离子强度和表面活性剂对吸附的影响.结果表明,PVC和PET基活性炭比表面积分别为2 666和2 831 m2.g-1,中孔容积分别为1.06和1.30 cm3.g-1,15 min内对亚甲基蓝和甲基橙的去除率分别高达98.5%和97.0%、99.5%和95.0%,且Langmuir模型拟合的染料最大吸附量均超过2 mmol.g-1,显著高于商业活性炭F400.Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地描述2种染料的吸附行为,说明吸附以表面单层覆盖为主.溶液pH值、离子强度和表面活性剂对染料吸附均有较大影响.制备的高分子基活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附强于甲基橙,2种染料均不容易发生解吸.实验结果可为高分子固体废物的资源化利用、制备经济高效的碳质吸附材料提供科学依据.     

桉树枝条生物炭输入对桂北桉树人工林酸化土壤的作用效果

探讨桉树枝条生物炭对桂北桉树人工林土壤理化性质的影响及其不同施用量的应用效果,为桉树人工林枝条等林业废弃物资源的合理利用以及土壤改良提供科学依据.选择广西北部低山丘陵地区4 a生桉树人工林土壤为研究对象,通过桉树枝条废弃物500℃厌氧制备生物炭,基于小区定位试验,分别输入质量分数为0(CK)、 0.5%(T1)、 1.0%(T2)、 2%(T3)、 4%(T4)和6%(T5)这6个比例的桉树枝条生物炭,输入1 a后对不同处理下桉树人工林土壤理化性质进行测定.结果表明,相对于对照0～30cm土层,随着桉树枝条生物炭输入量的增加,降低了土壤容重,平均降幅为3.82%～33.55%;增加了土壤自然含水量、毛管孔隙度和总毛管孔隙含量,增幅分别为7.67%～31.75%、 8.95%～33.19%和9.28%～35.86%,不同处理间差异显著.生物炭显著降低了土壤交换性酸、交换性铝、交换性氢和交换性钠含量,降幅分别为8.28%～70.03%、 5.55%～70.34%、 5.10%～21.78%和12.81%～49.27%;增加了土壤阳离子交换量、电导率、交换性钙和交换性镁含量,增幅分别为27.08%～160.39%、 117.00%～546.64%、 17.10%～66.14%和17.38%～71.38%;提高了土壤pH值,增加了0.17～1.29个单位.桉树枝条生物炭输入林地土壤后,显著增加了土壤有机碳、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾和速效氮含量,增幅分别为10.94%～51.37%、 14.29%～59.45%、 6.48%～59.57%、 6.28%～29.41%、 4.79%～19.81%和7.72%～75.87%.土壤主要物理因子之间、化学因子之间、土壤理化指标两两之间绝大部分存在正相关关系,相互影响.总体上,桉树枝条生物炭短期内有利于缓解桉树人工林地土壤的酸化趋势,对改善土壤理化性质和提高养分含量有积极的正效应和调控作用,促进了土壤的保水保肥能力.综合考虑, 4%～6%的生物炭输入量是提高土壤肥力水平的最优处理,研究结果对土壤改良、林地生态环境改善以及桉树人工林可持续经营具有重要的实践意义.     

污染生态学的研究前沿与展望

根据污染生态学国内外研究现状与发展趋势 ,对该领域的最新研究前沿进行了较为系统的分析和归纳。与此同时 ,从生态学发展战略的角度 ,对今后的研究重点进行了阐述。认为污染生态过程是污染生态学研究的中心议题 ,污染生态修复与污染生态工程是污染生态学应用研究的重点。通过研究 ,将会推动污染生态化学和污染生态毒理学等学科新的生长点和新的分支学科的形成和发展。     

偶氮染料定量结构-生物降解关系(QSBR)研究

利用量子化学原理剖析了偶氮染料的脱色机制,所得结果与文献中关于染料结构与脱色能力之间关系的结论基本一致,以脱色能力为染料生物降解能力的表征,建立了定量结构生物降解性模型,模型预测结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

Influence of drought and municipal sewage effluents on the baseflow water chemistry of an upper piedmont river

The Reedy River in South Carolina is affected by the urban area of Greenville, the third most populous city in the state, and by the effluents from two large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located on the river. Riverine water chemistry was characterized using grab samples collected annually under spring season baseflow conditions. During the 4-year time period associated with this study, climatic variations included two severe drought spring seasons (2001 and 2002), one above-normal precipitation spring season (2003), and one below-normal precipitation spring season (2004). The influence of drought and human activities on the baseflow chemistry of the river was evaluated by comparing concentrations of dissolved anions, total metals, and other important water chemistry parameters for these different years. Concentrations of copper and zinc, common non-point source contaminants related to urban activities, were not substantially elevated in the river within the urban area under baseflow conditions when compared with headwater and tributary samples. In contrast, nitrate concentrations increased from 1.2–1.6 mg/l up to 2.6–2.9 mg/l through the urban stream reach. Concentrations of other major anions (e.g., sulfate, nitrate) also increased along the reach, suggesting that the river receives continuous inputs of these species from within the urban area. The highest concentrations of major cations and anions typically were observed immediately downstream from the two WWTP effluent discharge locations. Attenuation of nitrate downstream from the WWTPs did not always track chloride changes, suggesting that nitrate concentrations were being controlled by biochemical processes in addition to physical processes. The relative trends in decreasing nitrate concentrations with downstream distance appeared to depend on drought versus non-drought conditions, with biological processes presumably serving as a more important control during non-drought spring seasons.     

Precipitation Chemistry and Occurrence of Acid Rain Over Dhanbad, Coal City of India

The present study investigated the chemical composition of wet atmospheric precipitation over Dhanbad, coal city of India. The precipitation samples were collected on event basis for three years (July 2003 to October 2005) at Central Mining Research Institute. The precipitation samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity, major anions (F, Cl, NO₃, SO₄) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH₄). The pH value varied from 4.01 to 6.92 (avg. 5.37) indicating acidic to alkaline nature of rainwater. The pH of the rainwater was found well above the reference pH (5.6), showing alkalinity during the non-monsoon and early phase of monsoon, but during the late phase of monsoon, pH tendency was towards acidity (<5.6~pH) indicating the non-availability of proper neutralizer for acidic ions. The observed acidic events at this site were 91, (n = 162) accounting 56% for the entire monitoring months. The (NO₃ + Cl)/SO₄ ratio in majority of samples was found below 1.0, indicating that the acidity is greatly influenced by SO₄. The calculated ratio of (Ca + NH₄)/(NO₃ + SO₄) ranges between 0.42–5.13 (average 1.14), however in most of the samples, the ratio is greater than unity (>1.0) indicating that Ca and NH₄ play an important role in neutralization of acidic ions in rainwater. Ca and SO₄ dominate the bulk ionic deposition and these two ions along with NH₄ accounts 63% of the annual ionic deposition.