Streamwater acid-base chemistry and critical loads of atmospheric sulfur deposition in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia

A modeling study was conducted to evaluate the acid-base chemistry of streams within Shenandoah National Park, Virginia and to project future responses to sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) atmospheric emissions controls. Many of the major stream systems in the park have acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) less than 20 μeq/L, levels at which chronic and/or episodic adverse impacts on native brook trout are possible. Model hindcasts suggested that none of these streams had ANC less than 50 μeq/L in 1900. Model projections, based on atmospheric emissions controls representative of laws already enacted as of 2003, suggested that the ANC of those streams simulated to have experienced the largest historical decreases in ANC will increase in the future. The levels of S deposition that were simulated to cause streamwater ANC to increase or decrease to three specified critical levels (0, 20, and 50 μeq/L) ranged from less than zero (ANC level not attainable) to several hundred kg/ha/year, depending on the selected site and its inherent acid-sensitivity, selected ANC endpoint criterion, and evaluation year for which the critical load was calculated. Several of the modeled streams situated on siliciclastic geology exhibited critical loads <0 kg/ha/year to achieve ANC >50 μeq/L in the year 2040, probably due at least in part to base cation losses from watershed soil. The median modeled siliciclastic stream had a calculated critical load to achieve ANC >50 μeq/L in 2100 that was about 3 kg/ha/year, or 77% lower than deposition in 1990, representing the time of model calibration.     

Sediment quality triad assessment of an industrialized estuary of the northeastern USA

The lower Passaic River in northern New Jersey (USA) has been heavily industrialized since the mid-nineteenth century and its shoreline and aquatic habitats degraded or destroyed. Similar to other urban systems, Passaic River sediments, both surface and buried, historically have contained elevated levels of numerous contaminants that may pose risks to ecological receptors and humans. Sediments from 15 stations in the lower Passaic River and 3 reference stations in the Mullica River in southern New Jersey were sampled in 1999 and characterized for chemical contamination, toxicity, and impairment of the benthic community. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, degree, and nature of degraded surficial sediments in the area to support subsequent plans for restoration of the system. Results demonstrated that Passaic River sediments had concentrations of many organic and inorganic contaminants at levels significantly greater than the reference area and effect-based guidelines. Sediments were toxic to marine amphipods at 11 stations and the benthic assemblages were impaired relative to the reference area at all stations. The weight-of-evidence of this sediment quality triad (SQT) assessment indicates that impacts from multiple contaminants are occurring throughout the lower Passaic River and, that these impacts must be evaluated further and addressed as part of ongoing restoration initiatives for the river.     

陇东油田含油污泥处理技术

阐述了陇东油田含油污泥及其处理现状,重点介绍了陇东油田在含油污泥处理技术上的探索与实践。一种方法是将含油污泥经过化学剂处理后作为调剖剂用于注水井调剖,达到了增油降水效果。另一种方法是对大量的含油污泥采取规模化的焚烧集中处理,最终达到含油污泥的规范、合理处置。     

关于绿色生态油田建设的几点思考

在新的历史形势下,坚持以人为本,全面协调、可持续发展,走生态文明道路,是油田全面实现又好又快发展的必然选择,也是今后一段时间环境保护工作的关键。文章结合实际,论证了绿色生态油田建设的必要性,提出了创建的指导思想和基本原则,从改善环境质量、建立循环经济模式、完善生态管理机制、培育生态文化等方面对创建措施进行探讨。     

长庆油田五里湾采油污水絮凝实验研究

针对五里湾采油污水含油量、悬浮物、细菌含量高、成垢离子含量较高的特点,文章通过对pH值、除铁剂、絮凝剂、加药间隔时间进行优选,得出适宜的絮凝条件:pH值为7.5、除铁剂加量为40mg/L,无机絮凝剂加量为40mg/L、有机絮凝剂加量为1.0mg/L、加药间隔时间为30s。分析了处理前后的水质,并进行了与地层水的配伍性实验。结果表明:处理后水质达到《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》SY/T5329—94中回注水水质标准,并且水质稳定,与地层水配伍性良好。     

模拟油田采出水中H2S的脱除

采出水经处理后通常需作为地层回注水使用,由于油气生产的特殊性,常用的H2S脱除方法在使用中受到限制,探索适合于油气田生产的水处理方法十分必要。文章探讨了通常可用于油田采出水中H2S脱除的各种方法,对比了各类方法的优缺点,提出以NaClO为主要脱硫剂的水处理方法,通过对模拟采出水的室内实验,证明次氯酸法可以快速有效地去除采出水中的H2S,使H2S残留量低于1 mg/L。实验表明:经处理后的水质可以达到SY/T 5329-2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质指标及分析方法》要求,处理成本较低。     

燃煤痕量元素转化、排放及控制的研究进展

综述了煤燃烧过程中痕量元素转化、排放规律及实用的控制技术,重点介绍了当前最受关注的汞排放控制技术,并反映了量子化学在燃煤痕量元素研究中的最新应用。分析了燃煤痕量元素研究存在问题及发展方向。     

油田废水排放标准适应性研究与探索

文章对油田外排废水中的石油类、COD_(Cr)等第二类污染物的排放标准进行分区、分级划定的研究,同时选择对西部干旱区生态环境有重要影响作用的总盐指标排放标准进行分区分级研究,为新疆油田公司实施"分区保护、分级防治、分类管理"提供科学依据。研究成果在石西油田、六九区大沙河排放口等地进行试点应用,为最终实现油田环境保护与经济发展双赢提供有益的借鉴。     

油田常用化学品对含油废水处理效果的影响

通过对江汉油田采油废水水质分析以及混凝实验研究,分析采油作业返排液中主要化学组分对含油废水混凝处理效果的影响,探讨了混凝剂、常用油田化学品与浊度及油含量去除率的关系,初步分析了它们的作用机理。研究表明,在钻井液中,单宁、磺化酚醛树脂(SMP)等对含油废水处理的影响很大,在压裂液中瓜胶、重铬酸钾等的影响较大,酸化液中乙酸和柠檬酸等的影响较大,射孔液中盐酸等的影响较大。本研究的结果对于消除返排液对油田生产的不良影响,保证系列增储上产措施的实施及其有效性,避免环境污染,具有十分重要的参考价值。     

辽宁凤凰山酸雨来源研究

1993和1994年在辽宁凤凰山夏季进行了2次降水观测研究,两次都发现该地区出现了较强的酸雨,降水pH均值分别为4.71和4.54?进行了后推气流轨迹的计算,首次证明,该地区的酸雨形成明显地受到朝鲜半岛和日本的影响?由于该地区降水集中在夏季,而丹东地区夏季又盛行东南风,因此该地区酸雨形成的外部输送影响是重要因素?