Modeling the exposure of children and adults via diet to chemicals in the environment with crop-specific models

Exposure to chemicals via diet is a major uptake pathway for many compounds but is often estimated in a rather generic way. We use a new model framework (NMF) with crop-specific models to predict the dietary intake by 4-5-year-old children and 14-75-year-old women of three environmental compounds from their background concentrations in soil and air. Calculated daily intakes of benzo(a)pyrene and 2,3,7,8-TCDD are in good agreement with measured results from diet studies. The major source of both compounds in human diet is deposition from air. Inhalation of air and ingestion of soil play a minor role. Children take up more than twice the amount than adults per kg bodyweight, due to higher consumption per kg bodyweight. Contrary, the methods for indirect human exposure suggested in the Technical Guidance Document (TGD) for chemical risk assessment in the EU lead to overprediction, due to unrealistic consumption data and a false root model.     

矿区农业生态环境评价信息系统设计与实现

文章在介绍和评价了矿区农业生态环境评价指标体系的建立、评价方法的基础上,重点阐述了矿区农业生态环境评价信息系统的需求分析、数据库设计及用户管理子系统、环境评价子系统、地图操作子系统、帮助子系统、输出子系统的功能设计和特点,最后对系统的应用及前景做了说明和展望。     

土壤含水层处理出水的回用健康风险评价

通过土壤柱实验,研究了土壤含水层处理工艺对污水处理厂二级处理出水的处理效果。初步讨论了土壤含水层处理工艺对各种污染物的去除机理,并评价了不同回用途径再生水对人体的健康风险。研究结果表明:土壤含水层处理工艺能够有效去除二级处理出水中的有机物和重金属离子,对大肠菌和粪大肠菌的去除率大于99.9%。健康风险评价结果显示:再生水的健康风险主要来自致癌物质,终生致癌风险在10-6数量级,而非致癌物质的健康危害风险在10-9数量级。     

厦门贝类养殖区重金属的含量分布特征与潜在生态危害评价

根据2005年4月和10月厦门贝类养殖区环境调查资料,着重对贝类养殖区海水、表层沉积物中重金属的含量分布进行分析,并对贝类养殖区的生态环境进行质量评价及潜在生态危害评价.结果表明:厦门贝类养殖区海水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为1.06 μg/L,1.23 μg/L, 0.05 μg/L,6.28 μg/L,0.033 μg/L,1.01 μg/L;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg、As的平均含量分别为20.0×10-6,39.5×10-6,0.07×10-6,97.3×10-6,0.05×10-6,7.20×10-6.生态质量评价结果表明,贝类养殖区海水重金属的含量符合第二类海水水质标准要求,处于清洁水平.养殖区沉积物重金属的含量符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,属于较清洁水平.潜在生态危害评价结果,Hg、As和Cd的潜在生态危害系数大于Cu、Pb、Zn,表明和Hg、As、Cd的潜在危害大于Cu、Pb、Zn,但整个养殖区沉积物中重金属的潜在危害属于轻微,养殖环境良好.     

我国船舶溢油污染事故溢油量评估方法及其应用

鉴于污染面积和溢油量对溢油污染事故的重要性,本文作者根据多年工作经验,从实际应用出发,给出了适用于我国船舶溢油污染事故污染面积和溢油量评估的几种技术方法,并给出了应用实例.同时阐述了每种评估方法的实质以及其自身的技术局限性,以及在实例中发挥的作用.旨在推进我国的污染面积和溢油量评估工作,实现规范化、系统化评估,提高船舶溢油污染事故的处理效率.     

厦门湾海域表层沉积物重金属和多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

研究了厦门湾海域表层沉积物中Cu,Pb,Zn,Cr,Cd,Hg和As和16种多环芳烃的分布、来源及潜在的生态风险.结果表明:(1)Cu,Pb和As平均含量均介于效应浓度区间低值(ERL)和效应浓度区间中值(ERM)之间,而大多数站位Zn,Cr,Cd和Hg平均含量则低于ERL值;(2)沉积物多环芳烃(PAHs)以石油或油料燃烧来源为主,PAHs的总量远低于ERL值(4000μg·kg~(-1));(3)重金属与低环PAHs相关性显著,易发生交互作用;(4)利用沉积物平均效应区间中值商法(mERM-Q)进行沉积物生态风险评价发现,筼笃湖表层沉积物对海洋底栖生物可能存在较强的生物毒性风险.     

Bayesian Small Area Models for Assessing Wildlife Conservation Risk in Patchy Populations

Abstract:  Species conservation risk assessments require accurate, probabilistic, and biologically meaningful maps of population distribution. In patchy populations, the reasons for discontinuities are not often well understood. We tested a novel approach to habitat modeling in which methods of small area estimation were used within a hierarchical Bayesian framework. Amphibian occurrence was modeled with logistic regression that included third-order drainages as hierarchical effects to account for patchy populations. Models including the random drainage effects adequately represented species occurrences in patchy populations of 4 amphibian species in the Oregon Coast Range (U.S.A.). Amphibian surveys from other locations within the same drainage were used to calibrate local drainage-scale effects. Cross-validation showed that prediction errors for calibrated models were 77% to 86% lower than comparable regionally constructed models, depending on species. When calibration data were unavailable, small area and regional models performed similarly, although poorly. Small area estimation models complement wildlife ecology and habitat studies, and can help managers develop a regional picture of the conservation status for relatively rare species.     

Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model animal for assessing thetoxicity induced by microcystin-LR

Among more than 75 variants of microcystin(MC),microcystin-LR(MC-LR) is one of the most common toxins.In this study,the feasibility of using Caenorhabditis elegans to evaluate MC-LR toxicity was studied.C.elegans was treated with MC-LR at different concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 80 μg/L.The results showed that MC-LR could reduce lifespan,delay development,lengthen generation time,decrease brood size,suppress locomotion behavior,and decreases hsp-16-2-gfp expression.The endpoints of generation time,brood...     

污泥干化过程中苯系物(BTEX)的释放及其致癌风险评价

在模拟污泥干化的条件下,研究了4种类型污水污泥苯系物(BTEX)的释放特征及其影响因素.结果表明,在50-300℃的干化温度范围内,4种污泥的BTEX释放总置在4.20～161.90μg·m-3之间;在温度高于150℃之后,各类污泥中的BTEX释放量大幅增加;而低于150℃的情况下,污泥中BTEX的释放量仅占总BTEX释放量的5.09%.不同温度下污泥的BTEX释放量与其在污泥中的含量之间存在显著的线性关系.不同类型的污泥其所释放的BTEX组分之间具有较大的差别,污泥中BTEX的含量决定其所释放的数量,而其释放强度则取决于干化温度.对污泥释放BTEX进行健康风险评价表明,各类污泥在150～300℃下所释放的苯对暴露人员存在一定的致癌风险,其中女性相对于男性致癌风险更高.控制污泥干化温度可以最大限度地减少BTEX释放,进而降低致癌风险.     

沂河4条支流浮游植物多样性季节动态与水质评价

2006年11月—2007年8月对沂河4条支流水体浮游植物展开调查. 结果表明:东汶河、蒙河、涑河和柳青河内检测到的浮游植物分别为75,67,70和80种,浮游植物种类组成和细胞密度季节变化明显. 东汶河、蒙河、涑河和柳青河水体浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数分别为2.97～3.96,3.05～3.35,2.86～4.02和1.74～2.89;Margalef指数分别为2.92～4.42,2.44～4.03,3.07～5.38和1.23～2.76;Pielou指数分别为0.78～0.92,0.71～0.94,0.73～0.89和0.48～0.90. 4条支流的细胞密度分别为1.54×107～5.69×107,0.28×107～12.64×107,0.97×107～3.19×107和4.17×107～9.96×107 L-1. 综合水质评价结果:东汶河和蒙河为β-中污型—寡污型,涑河为β-中污型—清洁型,柳青河为α-中污型—β-中污型. 水质从优至劣排序为涑河＞东汶河＞蒙河＞柳青河. 东汶河和涑河为温度制约型,蒙河和柳青河为温度和营养盐制约型.