油气长输管道作业分级定量风险评价方法研究及应用

为客观掌握油气管道生产运营岗位主要作业风险,实现油气长输管道企业作业风险管理,提出一种作业分级定量风险评价方法。首先,辨识油气管道系统主要危险作业类型和引起作业事故的危险有害因素;然后由作业分级法确定事故发生的可能性与严重性;最后建立基于作业分级的风险矩阵,得到各作业活动的风险级别。将该方法应用于某管道公司,以该公司生产区内部高处作业为例,对作业过程中的危险有害因素进行识别与评价,得出高处作业过程中各步骤的风险程度。结果表明该评价方法具有一定的可操作性,可反映各类危险作业过程中的风险程度,为后期有针对性的风险控制提供指导,有助于公司的风险管理。     

成品油站场工艺管道风险辨识与评价

为保障成品油站场工艺管道的安全平稳运行,在充分辨识风险因素的前提下,提出了一种基于KENT法和RBI的风险评价方法。首先,以风险机理分析为基础,采用SHEL模型从导致风险上升的直接原因（风险内因）和间接原因（风险外因）2个角度辨识了风险因素,并细化各因素指标项;然后借鉴KENT法,对各指标项进行评分量化;依据RBI法,采用风险外因体系修正风险内因体系的方式确定失效可能性;综合环境后果、人员后果与商业后果,明确失效后果的评价体系与计算方法;最后,结合失效可能性与失效后果进行风险评价,从风险等级和风险排序2方面为检维修决策提供依据。应用表明:该评价方法便于工艺管道风险评价的基层实施,可为基于风险的检维修决策提供有效技术支撑。     

大落差原油管道投产油顶水过程研究

为了探究隔离球在大落差原油管段投产过程中的影响作用,以某大落差“U”型起伏原油管线为实际案例（其最大高差达1 490 m）,基于OLGA多相流瞬态模拟方法,对大落差原油管段油顶水过程进行仿真研究。分析隔离球对原油顶水过程中的混油影响,同时对不同输量、管内积液量条件下隔离球在大落差管段中的运动特性进行研究,得到了清管器的平均运行速度、管中压力、持液率的变化趋势以及清管过程中的段塞行为等。结果表明:当输量为900~2 500 m3/h时,隔离球的加入能够降低混油量84.2%~93.7%;同时,还能减少投产过程中由于油品轻质组分汽化所产生的气体,并将更多管内气体带走,减少管中段塞流,提高原油投产效率,为工程实际投产过程提供有效依据。     

陆上原油长输管道泄漏爆炸事故情景构建研究

以某陆上原油长输管道为例,设定了陆上原油长输管道泄漏爆炸事故情景背景信息及演化过程,从预防、准备、预警、响应、恢复等阶段,梳理分析了事故情景应对全过程的任务及职责主体;针对各项任务从计划预案、人员队伍、装备物资、培训演练、运行机制等方面开展了情景应对能力评估;并针对存在的差距和不足,从企业和政府2个层面提出了针对此类情景的应急能力提升对策建议。该研究可为相关政府及企业加强油气长输管道事故应急准备能力建设提供参考。     

水势与用氮量对土壤中石油降解的影响

研究了石油降解过程中，土壤有效氮的动态变化，不同用氮水平在两种土壤上对石油降解速率的影响，以及石油降解的土壤水势条件。结果表明，石油对土壤的污染没有影响土壤水势；在土壤水势为－１００～－２０ｋＰａ范围内，水势的降低没有影响石油分解，而当土壤水势为－１０００ｋＰａ时，石油降解速率与对照相比下降了１０％～３５％。在壤土上，肥料氮添加在碳（石油中碳）氮（肥料中氮）比为９０时，石油降解最快；过多施用肥料氮会降低石油的分解速率。     

利用脂肪酶提高鱼油中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)甘油酯

利用脂肪酶选择性的水解作用研究提高鱼油中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)甘油酯的含量.通过对5种不同来源脂肪酶的筛选,以来源于米曲霉脂肪酶为最佳酶种;同时研究该酶水解鱼油的最佳工艺条件:反应温度、加酶量、反应转速、添加剂影响;最后确定最佳的富集PUFAs甘油酯时间.在此工艺条件下,鱼油中EPA由3.0%提高到9.0%,DHA由4.3%提高到16.5%,EPA DHA由7.3%提高到25.5%.图3表1参8     

A review of marine pollution issues in the Caribbean

Marine pollution and coastal degradation have become serious development issues in the Caribbean. Early evidence of marine pollution was mainly anecdotal, but within the last 10--15 years, work conducted by universities and research institutions in the Region has provided the beginnings of a database that identifies several common marine pollution problems. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and the Pan American World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) have also been instrumental in co-ordinating several marine pollution studies. In the English-speaking Caribbean, the University of the West Indies, the Institute of Marine Affairs in Trinidad and Tobago, and the Caribbean Environmental Health Institute located in St Lucia, have taken a lead role in identifying marine pollution problems in their Sub-Region. For the Wider Caribbean a database for petroleum pollution and marine debris has been developed. Land-based sources of marine pollution have been identified as a major problem, with several hot spots identified in mainland countries and in some of the larger industrialised islands. Organic and nutrient pollution, particularly from sewage, is most widespread and is possibly the most serious marine pollution problem in the Caribbean. A lack of capital investment funds to install the appropriate infrastructure to deal with sewage and other liquid effluents is a major stumbling block to solving the problem of marine pollution in the Caribbean. Other factors include political will and administrative and legal structures to regulate human development activities.     

Flow Dynamics in Eccentrically Rotating Flasks Used for Dispersant Effectiveness Testing

The evaluation of dispersant effectiveness used for oil spills is commonly done using tests conducted in laboratory flasks. We used a Hot Wire Anemometer (HWA) to characterize mixing dynamics in the Swirling Flask (SF) and the Baffled Flask (BF), the latter is being considered by the EPA to replace the prior to test dispersant effectiveness in the laboratory. Five rotation speeds of the orbital shaker carrying the flasks were considered, Ω = 50, 100, 150, 175 and 200 rpm. The radial and azimuthal water speeds were measured for each Ω. It was found that the flow in the SF is, in general, two-dimensional changing from horizontal at low Ω to axi-symmetric at high Ω. The flow in the BF appeared to be three-dimensional at all rotation speeds. This indicates that the BF is more suitable for representing the (inherently) 3-D flow at sea. In the SF, the speeds and energy dissipation rates ɛ increased gradually as the rotation speed increased. Those in the BF increased sharply at rotation speeds greater than 150 rpm. At 200 rpm, the Kolmogorov scale (i.e., size of smallest eddies) was about 250 and 50 μm in the SF and BF, respectively. Noting that the observed droplet sizes of dispersed oils range from 50 to 400 μm (hence most of it is less than 250 μm), one concludes that the mixing in the SF (even at 200 rpm) is not representative of the vigorous mixing occurring at sea.     

影响柴油在土壤中挥发的因素

石油污染物进入土壤中后经历一系列物理化学和生物过程,其中发生的挥发过程是一种重要的迁移过程。本文以柴油为石油污染物的代表,研究了温度及土壤质地对柴油挥发行为的影响。通过在不同温度下纯柴油的挥发及柴油从四种不同土质的薄层土壤中的挥发试验,对柴油的挥发量与挥发时间的关系进行了模拟,结果表明:在不同温度下,纯柴油及柴油在四种薄层土壤中的挥发量与挥发时间的关系均可采用二次多项式来拟合。通过对比经相近时间柴油从4种不同土壤表面的挥发后,发现柴油挥发量均大于从纯柴油时的挥发量。在有机质质量分数不同的土壤中进行了柴油挥发试验,结果表明高有机质会抑制土壤中的柴油的挥发。     

苔藓Lophozia ventricosa挥发油化学成分研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取苔藓Lophozia ventricosa挥发油，用毛细管色谱法对挥发油进行了分析，采用归-化法确定各组分的相对含量，并用GC—MS联用技术对分离的化学成分进行鉴定．经计算机检索并结合文献调研，共鉴定出28个化合物，占挥发油总量的93．3％，其中含1个单萜、23个倍半萜（15个为含氧倍半萜）和1个二萜，主要成分为Maalioxide（45．6％）和Eudesma-4．（15），7（11）-dien-8-one（28．9％）．图2表1参12