催化裂解治理废旧轮胎制炭黑和燃料油产业化研究

介绍采用催化裂解技术治理废旧轮胎制炭黑和燃料油的工艺流程和成套设备,该工艺设备耗能低、产品质量好,工艺合理, 可连续投料、连续运转,处理效率高,最大限度地降低了二次污染,适合于治理废旧轮胎的产业化发展。     

近岸水域船舶溢油应急保障能力评估

为了降低溢油事故对近岸水域造成的影响,提高近岸水域船舶溢油事故应急响应系统的能力,采用结构方程模型,评价船舶溢油应急保障能力。在分析近岸水域船舶溢油应急响应系统影响因素的基础上,构建了船舶溢油应急保障能力评价的指标体系,引入结构方程模型,建立船舶溢油应急保障能力分析的路径模型,分析应急保障变量之间的互动关系及其影响程度,研究其算法,并以实例验证模型的可行性。结果表明,人员保障在溢油应急保障能力中起主导作用,其次是物资保障和技术保障。     

海底管道泄漏油气扩散规律数值仿真与对比分析

为研究海底原油与天然气单相泄漏扩散规律的差异性,合理制定应急响应策略,减小事故损失,针对海底管道失效所致的原油与天然气泄漏问题,基于计算流体动力学CFD方法,建立海底油气管道泄漏事故后果预测与评估模型,对特定事故场景下的海底原油与天然气泄漏扩散过程进行模拟与分析,从泄漏扩散过程、工况因素影响、泄漏后果及应对策略4个方面对比原油与天然气的泄漏扩散特性。结果表明:相同工况下,海底原油与天然气在泄漏速率、扩散时间、扩散形态及水平最大扩散距离方面存在显著差别;与天然气相比,原油泄漏扩散行为对工况因素具有更高的敏感性;原油泄漏会引发严重的环境灾害,天然气泄漏则会影响海上结构物的稳定性及引发火灾爆炸事故,据此需合理制定具有针对性的应对策略。     

Production,engine performance,combustion, emission characteristics and economic feasibility of biodiesel from waste cooking oil: A review

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increasing demands for diesel are considered to be important triggers for many of the initiatives that have been taken to search for possible sources for the production of biodiesel from materials available within the country. It is possible to produce biodiesel from waste/used cooking oils (WCO) that is comparable in quality to that of fresh vegetable oil. Not only does reuse of WCO, which can otherwise harm human health, reduce the burden on the government of treating oily wastewater, disposing of the waste, and maintaining public sewers, it also significantly lowers the production cost of biodiesel. In the process of frying, oil undergoes many reactions, leading to the formation of a number of undesirable compounds, such as polymers, free fatty acids, and many other chemicals. This poses challenges in the transesterification of WCO. This article covers different techniques in the production of biodiesel from WCO. It also compares combustion, emissions, and engine performance characteristics of biodiesel from WCO as well as factors affecting biodiesel production from WCO and its economic feasibility.     

中石化江苏成品油一次配送空间格局与优化

基于详实准确的政府及企业调研数据,以中石化江苏成品油一次配送为例,从配置效益和空间结构视角出发,借助运用地理网络分析和线性优化模型等方法,通过单位输油成本计算、优化情景构建计算和成品油配送格局比较分析,系统解析成品油一次配送空间格局与优化配置情况,从理论上尝试探讨其地理网络结构。研究发现：优化情境下的成本较2017年实际状况减少了30%左右,表明中石化江苏成品油一次配送效益不够优化;理论上,根据成品油“就近配置”原则,不同炼油企业各自在其优化情景区界内,配送单位输油成本较低的成品油;实际上,由于炼油企业的炼油能力差异、成品油输油通道不完善和分销中心油库设置差异等原因,不同炼油企业之间存在着相较优化情景区界或大或小的实际输油区界,且存在着某些分销中心油库同时接纳不同炼油企业成品油的现象,即存在混合输油区域。     

Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine

Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs) between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO) to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO exhaust exhibited similar IVOC composition and volatility distribution to MGO exhaust,despite the differences between fuel contents.While WCO biodiesel could reduce IVOC emissions by 50% as compared to MGO,and thus reduced the SOA production from IVOCs.The compositions and volatility distributions of exhaust IVOCs varied to those of their fuels,implying that fuel-component-based SOA predicting model should be used with more cautions when assessing SOA production of WCO and MGO exhausts.WCO biodiesel is a cleaner fuel comparing to conventional MGO on ship auxiliary engines with regard to the reductions in gaseous IVOC emissions and corresponding SOA productions.Although the tests were conducted on test bench,the results could be considered as representative due to the widely applications of the test engine and MGO fuel on real-world ships.     

漆酶改性玉米秸秆髓的制备及其吸油特性

采用绿色生物酶技术改性玉米秸秆髓（CSP）,在CSP表面由漆酶催化接枝十八胺,以提高材料的亲油疏水性能,制得高效吸油剂LCSP.研究了改性温度、改性时间、TEMPO浓度、漆酶用量及十八胺浓度等因素对LCSP亲油疏水性能的影响,同时采用SEM、BET、XRD、接触角、FTIR、XPS等分析技术对改性前后CSP理化特性进行表征,并进行了吸油研究.结果表明,在35℃下,投加100U/g的漆酶、4.48mmol/LTEMPO、8.91mmol/L十八胺,改性CSP6h,制得的材料吸油量最大、吸水量最小,油吸附量从13.24g/g提升至40.82g/g,水吸附量从13.76g/g降至3.83g/g.吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附剂的重复利用实验表明本方法制备的材料具有良好回收再利用能力.     

Assessment of sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of lead-polluted soil and production of seed oil and seed meal for human and animal consumption

Phytoremediation is a valuable technology for mitigating soil contamination in agricultural lands, but phytoremediation without economic revenue is unfeasible for land owners and farmers. The use of crops with high biomass and bioenergy for phytoremediation is a unique strategy to derive supplementary benefits along with remediation activities. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a high-biomass crop that can be used for the phytoremediation of polluted lands with additional advantages (biomass and oil). In this study, 40 germplasms of sunflower were screened in field conditions for phytoremediation with the possibility for oil and meal production. The study was carried out to the physiological maturity stage. All studied germplasms mopped up substantial concentrations of Pb, with maximum amounts in shoot?>?root?>?seed respectively. The phytoextraction efficiency of the germplasm was assessed in terms of the Transfer factor (TF), Metal removal efficiency (MRE) and Metal extraction ratio (MER). Among all assessed criteria, GP.8585 was found to be most appropriate for restoring moderately Pb-contaminated soil accompanied with providing high biomass and high yield production. The Pb content in the oil of GP.8585 was below the Food safety standard of China, with 59.5% oleic acid and 32.1% linoleic acid. Moreover, amino acid analysis in meal illustrated significant differences among essential and non-essential amino acids. Glutamic acid was found in the highest percentage (22.4%), whereas cysteine in the lowest percentage (1.3%). Therefore, its efficient phytoextraction ability and good quality edible oil and meal production makes GP.8585 the most convenient sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of moderately Pb-contaminated soil, with fringe benefits to farmers and landowners.     

石油污染对土壤水分特性的影响

陕北是石油工业的发祥地,在石油大规模开采运输过程中,不可避免会造成石油的泄露倾洒,从而对土壤和地下水造成一定程度的污染。为了探讨陕北地区石油污染对土壤水分特性的影响,以3种不同土质土壤(塿土、黄绵土和风沙土)为研究对象,开展了3种土壤在4个不同污染梯度(0.5%、1%、2%和4%)下的土壤润湿性试验和饱和导水率实验,同时以清洁土壤作为对照。结果表明:当土壤受石油污染时,会引起其润湿性发生变化,产生一定程度的斥水性,该变化在风沙土上表现尤为明显;石油污染使3种土壤的饱和导水率均随着污染浓度的增大而呈现下降趋势,饱和导水率虽有降低,但是对于同一土质的土壤来说,均在一个数量级内。     

纳米乳化油缓解多孔介质渗透性损失的实验研究

为有效缓解乳化油在原位修复地下水污染过程中所产生的堵塞及修复效率降低的问题,采用升温相转变技术手段,制备纳米乳化油.并采用一维柱实验,开展微米及纳米乳化油在多孔介质中的迁移研究,对比分析微米及纳米乳化油造成多孔介质的渗透性损失、在多孔介质中的截留比率及迁移距离等问题,探究纳米乳化油缓解多孔介质渗透性损失的效果.实验结果显示,微米及纳米乳化油所导致的中砂介质渗透性损失分别为20.40%和3.20%,乳化油截留比率分别为28.51%和20.15%.由此可见,乳化油截留是多孔介质渗透性损失的重要原因,减小乳化油粒径可有效缓解多孔介质的渗透性损失.与微米乳化油相比,纳米乳化油有效降低中、细砂介质渗透性损失84.3%和47.5%.此外,乳化油截留对多孔介质渗透性损失的影响在一定程度上也影响到其在多孔介质中的迁移距离,微米及纳米乳化油在中砂介质中的迁移距离分别为6.53 m和8.19 m.相比之下,纳米乳化油所导致的细砂介质渗透性损失为10.70%,截留比率为25.71%,迁移距离为7.36 m,说明纳米乳化油迁移效果更佳,可适用介质范围更广.