浅谈原油管道用火安全技术与措施

介绍了原油管道用火作业的特点,对原油管道用火作业的安全技术方法和措施进行分析,为今后原油管道用火作业技术提供了经验借鉴。     

以石油酸为主要原料的重油乳化剂的研制

采用石油酸与三乙醇胺，非离子型表面活性剂复配制备了一种廉价的重油乳化剂，最佳配方为石油酸500mg，三乙醇胺25mg，非离子表面活性剂2为25mg，乳化助剂H20mg,pH11（共占乳化油总质量的0．57％），可使油水质量比为70：30的油包水型乳化重油在80℃下稳定36h，实验过程中采用均匀设计与调优软件进行实验方案的设计和实验结果的优化，考察了乳化剂中石油酸与三乙醇胺和非离子表面活性剂量的协同作用以及PH的影响。结果表明，组分间交互作用明显，在不同的配方下，组分的作用会有很大变化，有时甚至会是相反的。     

聚结除油反应机理及其动力学分析

通过对几种聚结填料除油性能的对比试验，探讨分析了聚结除油反应机理及其动力学。结果表明，填料的空间构成形式对聚结除油效率有重要影响，当润湿聚结机理和碰撞聚结机理同时存在时，聚结效率可得到大幅度提高。当油珠颗粒尺寸超过10μm时，布朗运动聚结速率急剧减慢，而湍流的聚结速率急剧加快。聚结除油反应器内水力条件的紊动程度达到C≥500—700s^-1时，油珠颗粒的聚结速率和效率将得到大幅度提高。     

Bio-herbicidal effects of five essential oils on germination and early seedling growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.)

The evaluation of the inhibition effect exerted by the essential oils of basil (Ocimum basilicum), sage (Salvia officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) on seeds germination and early seedling growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) weed was examined in a laboratory bioassay. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized chemically by gas chromatography coupled with both mass spectrometry and flame ionization detector. The working solutions of essential oil emulsified with Tween 20 and dissolved in distilled water were prepared at three concentration levels (0.01%, 0.1% and 1%, vol/vol). The results obtained showed that increase of essential oil concentration leads to decrease of seed germination, shoot and radical length of velvetleaf. The obtained data revealed a highly significant effect (P?<?0.05) between control and 1% and 0.1% oil concentrations in all treatments. The essential oils of basil, thyme and lemon balm exhibited more powerful bio-herbicidal effect compared to sage and goldenrod essential oils on the germination and early seedling growth of velvetleaf weed.     

热解柚子皮吸油材料的制备及性能

热解处理柚子皮,制备吸油材料,当热解温度为400℃、热解时间为3 h时吸油倍率最高,达16.9 g/g,3 min内达到吸附饱和。对热解前后柚子皮的FTIR 和热重分析,热解损失的主要是纤维素和半纤维素。对热解前后柚子皮的比表面和电镜分析,热解之后的柚子皮呈三维网状结构,孔径增大明显,吸油倍率的提高主要是因为孔径的增大。     

4株优势菌联合挂膜对松醇油废水的治理

从铅锌矿的污泥中筛选出4株能高效降解松醇油的优势菌,经鉴定均为铜绿假单胞菌。研究了4株菌的生理生化特征、挂膜能力及对松醇油(俗称2#油)的降解能力。结果表明,上述4株菌单独挂膜能力最佳的菌株为JS19;混合菌挂膜能力优于单株菌,菌膜致密,菌体含量大。进水COD约250 mg·L-1,混合菌处理组的废水在4 d后出水COD降低到42 mg·L-1;对COD高达480 mg·L-1的含松醇油废水,菌膜处理废水在7 d后逐步稳定,出水COD低于40 mg·L-1,这表明混合菌膜挂膜稳定,抗负荷冲击能力强,更适用于工业废水的处理。     

优化复合调理促进含油污泥自持燃烧

对石化企业污水厂的含油剩余活性污泥进行超声-臭氧-生物质复合调理,破坏其稳定的胶体体系,降低泥饼的含水率,并对含油污泥复合调理的pH、温度、真空压力、超声波频率等影响因素进行优化;结果表明,在温度为35℃,pH值为3.0~5.0,超声波频率为33.2 kHz时,经生物质复合调理后,保持0.06 MPa真空压力抽滤10 min,滤饼的含水率可降到58.58%,满足污泥自持燃烧的要求;同时,从污泥絮体结 构、能量变化角度分析了不同温度和pH、超声波频率对含油污泥的作用机制;发现在偏酸性条件下,可减小污泥表面亲和力,促进污泥絮体凝聚;添加生物质在降低污泥含水率的同时也会降低污泥强度和可塑性;超声波对污泥除高能量作用外还具有空化作用,优化协调各因素对污泥絮凝沉降乃至自持燃烧作用均显著。     

Photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil with vegetable oil

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of olive oil on the photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in contaminated sawmill soil. Previous studies had shown that the solubility of PCDD/Fs in olive oil is high and a rapid photodegradation of PCDD/Fs takes place in olive oil when irradiated with ultraviolet (blacklight) lamps. The efficiency of this treatment method was evaluated under more practical conditions. These included the use of sunlight irradiation and a lower-grade olive oil, without a preliminary extraction of soil with olive oil. METHODS: A 1-cm layer of contaminated sawmill soil was blended with 20 weight-% of olive oil and exposed to sunlight for four weeks. In another experiment, a new dose of olive oil was added at the middle of the exposure period. The PCDD/F concentrations of the soils were monitored periodically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A reduction in the concentration of 2,3,7,8-chlorinated PCDD/Fs by 59% and in WHO-TEQ in contaminated sawmill soil by 48% was attained after blending the soil with two doses (20 + 20%) of olive oil and exposing the mixture to sunlight for four weeks. Photodegradation with only one dose of olive oil was less efficient. This suggests that periodical additions of olive oil would be needed to maintain a proper degradation rate. After the oil additions, the WHO-TEQ content of the soil declined with first order reaction half-lives of 19.2 to 19.7 d. The overall half-life during the four-week treatment, however, was 30 d. CONCLUSION: A significant reduction in the PCDD/F concentration of aged sawmill soil can be achieved with a relatively simple olive oil-sunlight treatment. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Some theoretical and technological questions need to be solved before using the investigated soil decontamination method in larger-scale applications. The functions of vegetable oils in photodegradation processes should be studied in more detail. The amount of oil that is needed for a proper solubilisation and photodegradation of PCDD/Fs should be minimised. Moreover, special care should be taken to prevent mobilisation of PCDD/Fs to the surrounding environment and to avoid leaving bioavailable residuals of PCDD/Fs in soil.     

Emissions of intermediate volatility organic compound from waste cooking oil biodiesel and marine gas oil on a ship auxiliary engine

Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs) between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO) to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO ex...     

用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测纳污水体毒性的研究

用蚕豆初生根尖细胞微核技术监测污染的水系统，1986年已被国家环保局编入《环境监测技术规范》（水环境部分），并已在全国推广使用。现在利用这一测试方法对大庆南线排水干渠进行监测，从对生物的毒性角度出发，评价油田30年开发以来水体的污染程度，为环境管理和防治提供了新的科学依据。