发达国家海上溢油遥感监测现状分析

根据加拿大环境技术中心做的一个卫星遥感和航空遥感在溢油应急处理应用现状的调查，分析了发达国家海上溢油遥感监测现状。     

非分散红外分光光度法测定饮食业油烟

提出了非分散红外分光光度法测定饮食业油烟的方法．采用红外光谱仪,于2930cm^-1波数处进行测量。对滤简的空白值作了明确规定,只有其含油量在0．5mg／L以下才能用于测定。该方法操作简便,相对标准偏差为0．4％．精密度好。加标回收率在97％～105％之间。     

Antipoaching standards in onshore hydrocarbon concessions drawn from a Central African case study

Unsustainable hunting outside protected areas is threatening tropical biodiversity worldwide and requires conservationists to engage increasingly in antipoaching activities. Following the example of ecocertified logging companies, we argue that other extractive industries managing large concessions should engage in antipoaching activities as part of their environmental management plans. Onshore hydrocarbon concessions should also adopt antipoaching protocols as a standard because they represent a biodiversity threat comparable to logging. We examined the spatiotemporal patterns of small‐ and large‐mammal poaching in an onshore oil concession in Gabon, Central Africa, with a Bayesian occupancy model based on signs of poaching collected from 2010 to 2015 on antipoaching patrols. Patrol locations were initially determined based on local intelligence and past patrol successes (adaptive management) and subsequently with a systematic sampling of the concession. We generated maps of poaching probability in the concession and determined the temporal trends of this threat over 5 years. The spatiotemporal patterns of large‐ and small‐mammal poaching differed throughout the concession, and likely these groups will need different management strategies. By elucidating the relationship between site‐specific sampling effort and detection probability, the Bayesian method allowed us to set goals for future antipoaching patrols. Our results indicate that a combination of systematic sampling and adaptive management data is necessary to infer spatiotemporal patterns with the statistical method we used. On the basis of our case study, we recommend hydrocarbon companies interested in implementing efficient antipoaching activities in their onshore concessions to lay the foundation of long‐needed industry standards by: adequately measuring antipoaching effort; mixing adaptive management and balanced sampling; setting goals for antipoaching effort; pairing patrols with large‐mammal monitoring; supporting antipoaching patrols across the landscape; restricting access to their concessions; performing random searches for bushmeat and mammal products at points of entry; controlling urban and agricultural expansion; supporting bushmeat alternatives; and supporting land‐use planning.     

干旱区油田采油污水的处理及综合利用

我国西部干旱地区的塔里木盆地,有许多深居欧亚大陆腹地的大型油田,都地处水资源极其匮乏的地区,在油田的开发过程中的用水量和产水量都比较大,本文就采油过程中产生的采油污水的处理和综合利用问题作了探讨。     

基于综合生物标志物响应指数评价0#柴油和平湖原油胁迫下的缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)毒性效应

选择0#柴油和平湖原油乳化液对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)进行氧化胁迫实验,选取典型的抗氧化酶-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷光甘肽硫转移酶(GST)及过氧化物酶(POD)用于衡量油类污染物对生物体造成的氧化压力大小.此外,结合综合生物标志物响应(Integrated Biomarker Responses, IBR)指标,对2种石油污染物对缢蛏的毒性响应进行定量化评价.结果表明,不同浓度的0#柴油和平湖原油对缢蛏消化腺中的4种酶表现出不同程度的诱导效应,各试验组在暴露前期均表现出诱导或抑制,但对4种酶的影响存在时间顺序性,SOD、CAT和GST的酶活性表现为升高-降低的过程,POD表现为降低-升高的过程,活性达到峰值的时间SOD和CAT要早于GST和POD.结合计算出的IBR数值来看,高浓度0#柴油能够引起最为显著的生物效应变化,显示该石油污染物高毒性的特征,0#柴油生物毒性大于平湖原油生物毒性.     

老化油泥处理过程中的微生物群落变化特征

通过在油田现场构建2个中试规模的生物堆(秸秆添加堆和对照堆)对老化油泥进行处理,运用BIOLOGTM系统对油泥中微生物群落水平的生理特性进行分析,测定其微生物代谢活性、代谢多样性及代谢特征差异性,以研究堆体各层次间微生物群落代谢特征的变化规律. 结果表明,与对照堆相比,秸秆添加堆的多项生理特性指标均得到显著提升,其中微生物代谢多样性指数变化范围由1.64～3.02升至2.83～3.29,并且表现出时间上的稳定性和空间层次间的均质性;在微生物碳源代谢特征的差异性分析中,对照堆各层次随时间推移表现出向其外层顺次变化的规律;油泥中总异养菌及石油烃降解菌的数量与环境温度关联性较强,石油烃降解菌的数量在试验末期取得峰值,达4.15×107 CFU/g.      

催化裂解治理废旧轮胎制炭黑和燃料油产业化研究

介绍采用催化裂解技术治理废旧轮胎制炭黑和燃料油的工艺流程和成套设备,该工艺设备耗能低、产品质量好,工艺合理, 可连续投料、连续运转,处理效率高,最大限度地降低了二次污染,适合于治理废旧轮胎的产业化发展。     

油气储罐罐壁焊缝静载拉伸检测试验研究*

为建立磁记忆信号与罐体焊接缺陷演变的对应关系,获得以非接触方式检测焊缝处的磁记忆信号来实现对罐体的早期预警和无损检测技术,开展罐壁焊缝试样静载拉伸试验,研究油气储罐在静载拉伸过程中焊缝的磁记忆信号变化规律,并结合有限元模拟仿真进行磁场分布规律的分析。结果表明:磁记忆信号梯度值会在焊缝缺陷处产生突变;随着裂纹深度的增加,磁记忆信号梯度峰峰值呈线性增加,并且峰值随着拉伸载荷的增加而线性增加。     

原油加热炉对流炉管表面积灰清理技术的应用

针对鲁宁线和中洛线原油加热炉炉管穿孔现象,对加热炉积灰成分、性质及成因进行了分析,提出有效的高压蒸汽清灰技术。现场应用表明,该技术可提高炉管换热效率、减少炉管的腐蚀,确保加热炉的安全运行。