石油建设施工中的安全管理与培训

在石油建设施工这个高危行业中,安全问题涉及工程项目的各个环节,其事故的发生主要与安全管理和个人的安全意识息息相关。本文以油田工程项目各个阶段的生产特征为依据,根据相关事故的调查,系统地介绍了石油建设施工中如何加强安全管理和培训工作。     

岛屿钻井作业的安全联动报警系统

针对石油钻井行业岛屿作业环境的高风险性,在分析岛屿钻井作业安全现状的基础上,对其重大危险源进行了分析,并提出了构建安全联动报警系统,以保证岛屿钻井作业的安全生产。     

Effcient degradation of lube oil by a mixed bacterial consortium

A laboratory study was performed to assess the biodegradation of lube oil in bio-reactor with 304# stainless steel as a biofilm carrier. Among 164 oil degrading bacterial cultures isolated from oil contaminated soil samples, Commaonas acidovorans Px1, Bacillus sp. Px2, Pseudomonas sp. Px3 were selected to prepare a mixed consortium for the study based on the e ciency of lube oil utilization. The percentage of oil degraded by the mixed bacterial consortium decreased slightly from 99% to 97.2% as the concentration of lube oil was increased from 2000 to 10,000 mg/L. The degradation of TDOC (total dissolved organic carbon) showed a similar tendency compared with lube oil removal, which indicated that the intermediates in degradation process hardly accumulated. Selected mixed bacterial consortium showed their edge compared to activated sludge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos showed that biofilms on stainless steel were robust and with a dimensional framework constructed by EPS (extracellular polymeric substances), which could promote the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. The increase of biofilm followed first-order kinetics with rate of 0.216 g glucose/(cm2 day) in logarithm phase. With analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with removal of lube oil and TDOC, mixed bacterial consortium could degrade benzene and its derivatives, aromatic ring organic matters with a percentage over 97%.     

世界石油资源空间分布格局演化分析

文章以石油探明储量为考量指标,以1980-2009年为研究时段,分析世界石油资源空间分布格局及其演化特征。根据1980-2009年间世界石油探明储量的阶段性上升走势,可将其大致划分为5个演化阶段,并选取相应的特征时点;针对各特征时点,依托ArcView GIS的空间分类与可视化功能,考察世界石油资源分布的等级体系、空间组合结构及其演化过程。结果表明:①世界石油资源的空间分布总体上呈多中心的圈层结构,其中波斯湾储油圈层和墨西哥湾-加勒比海储油圈层分别是东、西半球的油极,核心地位不断强化,其他七大区域性储油圈层则呈差别成长态势;②世界石油资源的空间分布总体上呈"东升西落"的演化态势,总体分布格局经历了多元化(1980-1985年)、极化(1986-1990年)、再多元化(1991-1997年)、再极化(1998-2001年)、复又多元化(2002-2009年)的演化过程,形成"北集中、南分散"的分布态势;③西半球石油储量空间逐渐分裂,而东半球中部的储油圈层则逐渐对接形成一个巨型弯月状储量带。     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill e uent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product–palm oil mill e uent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction e ciency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively.With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality e uent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

世界封存CO_2驱油的现状与前景

"碳捕捉与封存"技术有助于减少温室气体排放和控制全球变暖,评述了世界可深层封存CO2的潜力,世界各国封存CO2提高油田采收率的现状和发展趋势,以及中国CO2驱油的前景。     

适用于柴油降解的微生物菌种降解能力研究

文章针对柴油污染土壤的生物修复问题,对具有降解柴油能力的微生物菌种进行了采集及驯化,并分别就底物浓度、温度及初始pH值对驯化后微生物菌种的柴油降解能力进行了相关实验研究,讨论了温度、底物浓度、初始pH值对微生物生长、柴油降解效率的影响,得到了微生物生长的最佳条件是温度为30℃、底物浓度为0.0015μg/ml～0.003μg/ml及pH值等于7,同时得到了M-M（Michaelis-Menten）方程中的动力学参数,米氏常数为12.33 mg/L,最大反应速率为0.57h^-1。     

我国原油流动的空间格局研究

运用平衡方程式分析了我国各省区的原油生产消费与输入输出状况,并根据自给率,将我国26个原油流动省区划分为基本自给型、半自给型、净输出型和净补给型4种原油产需平衡类型。根据流动比率,26个省区可划归为输出中心、输入中心和交流中心3种原油流动职能类型;在分布格局上,输出中心为直角三角形,输入中心为直角梯形区,交流中心则为钝角三角形。以主要源地为标准,我国原油流动可划分为北部、西北、华东和华南四大流场,其中北部、西北属于全国性流场。我国原油流动路径可分为五大密集区,各区路径的空间结构不同：东北区为树状网络结构,华北区为单枝二叉树状结构,西北区为"X"形结构,华东区为多中心"Ⅲ"形结构,华南区则为"Y"形结构。流动路径之间还广泛存在并联与串联,充分发挥多种通道的综合流动效益。研究原油流动空间格局为我国石油空间组织的优化奠定了基础。〖     

海上油气田工程油气泄漏事故风险分析

以渤海某工程项目为例研究海上油气田工程油气泄漏的事故及其风险.文章指出井喷、平台火灾事故和海底管道泄漏是海上油气田工程油气泄漏的主要事故源,并通过类比性分析得到三种事故的发生概率.油气泄漏的最严重后果是溢油事故,文章对各种事故的溢油规模进行分析,并根据井喷、平台火灾和海底管道泄漏三种事故发生的概率和规模对其环境影响进行评价.     

浅析石油钻井作业的风险分析和应用

从桌面分析、现场分析和分析应用3个阶段对石油钻井风险进行阐述,并概括各阶段的实施过程及特点。