一株假单胞菌对高粘原油的乳化降解作用

从油田原油污染土壤中筛选出一株以原油为最佳碳源产表面活性剂的假单包菌SY-3。该菌在以原油烃为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,除降粘外还能产生甲酸和乙酸。通过单因素试验,确定了降低原油粘度最适条件:初始原油浓度12g/L,氮源为4g/L的混合氮源[硝酸钠和硝酸铵(1:1)],培养温度37℃,接种量5%,初始pH值7.0,培养时间5d。GC谱图分析经SY-3菌降解前后原油组分的变化,可知原油的重质组分含量明显降低,轻质组分含量明显增加,降粘率达56%。表明该菌株对原油有良好的乳化降解能力。     

石油炼制项目环境影响评价中的清洁生产评价

石油炼制业是高污染高能耗行业,在我国,该行业存在着巨大的清洁生产潜力,发掘这些潜力对于节能减排有着重要的意义。文中通过频度统计-资料调研-专家咨询的方法,建立了炼油行业清洁生产评价的一般性指标体系。采用了定性指标也参与定量化评价的方法,对某炼油厂新建600万t/a常减压蒸馏装置进行了清洁生产评价实践,判断出其清洁生产潜力,提出了清洁生产改进措施。通过实践,验证了评价程序与方法的可行性,并提出了今后发展的建议。该研究对炼油企业拟建项目的清洁生产评价、现有工程的清洁生产审核以及企业实施清洁生产后的清洁生产绩效评价有一定的实际指导意义。     

改变垫水层沸点的薄层扬沸实验研究

扬沸是油池火灾的一种特殊现象,燃料和垫水层交界面的过热温度和沸腾状态是决定扬沸是否发生以及发生时间的最主要因素,过热温度由沸点决定。在垫水层中添加氯化钠能够改变垫水层的沸点,从而改变交界面的过热温度。在垫水层添加氯化钠使其成为饱和氯化钠水溶液,对此条件下的油池火燃烧进行实验探究,以验证前人关于扬沸临界条件的研究结果,并为扬沸防治提供思路。垫水层改变为饱和氯化钠溶液后,柴油实验组均没有发生扬沸,且观察到火焰温度和热辐射强度的下降。表明此方法可以有效抑制扬沸的发生。     

油气储罐罐壁焊缝静载拉伸检测试验研究*

为建立磁记忆信号与罐体焊接缺陷演变的对应关系,获得以非接触方式检测焊缝处的磁记忆信号来实现对罐体的早期预警和无损检测技术,开展罐壁焊缝试样静载拉伸试验,研究油气储罐在静载拉伸过程中焊缝的磁记忆信号变化规律,并结合有限元模拟仿真进行磁场分布规律的分析。结果表明:磁记忆信号梯度值会在焊缝缺陷处产生突变;随着裂纹深度的增加,磁记忆信号梯度峰峰值呈线性增加,并且峰值随着拉伸载荷的增加而线性增加。     

轻质油品外浮顶储罐火灾扑救力量部署

简要分析了轻质油品外浮顶储罐的火灾特点、火灾类型以及灭火方法,重点对密封圈火灾和浮顶爆炸火灾的扑救力量部署进行了分析确定.     

油罐雷害的种类及预防措施

油罐遭雷击引爆产生的后果特别严重.通过对油罐雷害的形成以及危害分析,指出了在生产上防止油罐雷害的发生应采取的技术措施和管理方法.     

海(水)上原油设施溢油防止对策

为了预防、控制海上原油泄漏对海域的污染,分别对临海(水)罐区、海(水)上石油勘探生产设施、海(水)底管线、油轮和油驳、码头等,提出溢油防止对策.     

紫外荧光法和化学发光法同时测定油品中的痕量硫和氮含量

用紫外荧光法和化学发光法同时测定油品中的痕量硫和氮含量,确定了油品中硫和氮转化为SO2、NO的最佳条件;测定了试样中硫和氮含量,测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为0.92%、3.63%,回收率为92%～104%.     

A rough set-based quality function deployment (QFD) approach for environmental performance evaluation: a case of offshore oil and gas operations

Activities in offshore oil and gas (OOG) that cause environmental impacts can be systematically managed through an environmental management system (EMS). Environmental performance evaluation (EPE) is an essential part of an EMS. However, previous studies on EPE indicate that existing lists of indicators little insight into how indicators are modified to more accurately assess environmental performance.In this paper, a way is proposed to identify and define specific environmental performance indicators on a case-by-case basis, which consists of five steps: (1) describing environmental requirements; (2) determining favourable outcomes corresponding to the requirements; (3) identifying required activities or issues to achieve the outcomes; (4) searching for proper measures of the activities or issues; and (5) generating a list of key indicators. Based on these steps, a quality function deployment (QFD) approach is developed to determine key indicators and evaluate environmental performance. To handle uncertainties in QFD, the decision makers’ evaluations are quantified through rough numbers using the concept of rough sets. The outputs of the proposed approach are different environmental performance indices. Using these indices, decision makers can easily determine whether an improved performance has been achieved through an EMS. The proposed approach is transparent and promising for use as a unified tool for EPE. An application of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a numerical example.     

Life cycle assessment of an industrial symbiosis based on energy recovery from dried sludge and used oil

Recovering energy from wastes is a useful strategy for integrated waste and energy management in an eco-industrial park (EIP) and gives promising reduction of wastes, total energy consumption and operation cost. In Jinqiao EIP, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, an industrial symbiosis, based on the energy recovery from municipal sewage sludge and re-refined oil, was proposed in the central heat-supplying company of Jinqiao EIP. It is expected that hot off-gas or part of the steam from the central heat-supplying company could be used for sludge drying and used oil re-refining while the dried sludge and refined oil can be partial substitution for fossil fuel. For the purpose of assessing the environmental performance of this industrial symbiosis, life cycle assessment (LCA) was used and different scenarios were set up in this study to evaluate the Global warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), Human toxicity air (HTA) and Total Environmental Impact Potential (TEIP) of the system. Results indicate that when the substitute ratio of coal by sludge is 14%, the proposed industrial symbiosis has the least environmental impact. Compared with the current situation (sludge is landfilled), co-combustion of dried sludge and re-refined oil with coal at optimal scale will release less CO₂, CH₄, NO_x, N₂O and CO, but more SO₂, H₂S, NH₃, HCl, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and heavy metals.