无氧卸装催化剂危害因素分析及安全预防措施

为防止重油加氢装置无氧卸装催化剂时事故的发生,针对主要施工作业环节进行了危害因素分析,并提出了安全预防措施.     

新型硫化氢探测防护系统及其应用

介绍了硫化氢探测系统和防护系统的组成和原理．重点介绍了硫化氢的探测报警、防护功能,易于安装、拆卸的特点以度现场使用情况。建议在油气田勘探开发中推广使用。     

燃烧油品的沸溢特性分析研究

分析了油罐火灾中燃烧油品的沸溢现象,阐述了沸溢发生的条件,研究了沸溢时火焰的热辐射强度,研究表明沸溢时火焰温度平均升高300℃左右,火焰平均热辐射强度是沸溢发生前的2.5～3倍.     

氮化油管工艺危害识别及液氨槽事故树分析

对氮化油管工艺和设备存在的问题进行了危险分析,用事故树分析了液氨槽的爆炸危险性,并提出安全对策。     

Landscape disturbance caused by non-renewable energy production in a semi-arid region: a case study on the Russian steppe

Exploration and development of oil and gas (O&G) energy resources can create large-scale and permanent landscape effects that are best measured and understood via fieldwork and geospatial technologies. In this article, we examine O&G surface disturbance in the Orenburg steppe region of southwestern Russia for the year 2015. Utilizing field surveys, remote-sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we apply a two-pronged approach. First, we map and measure the landscape infrastructure footprint (LIF) to determine the pattern and extent of direct surface disturbance created by O&G facilities and access roads. Second, we conduct a site suitability analysis to identify specific O&G production locations that are most vulnerable to environmental degradation. The approach considers both the particular properties of hydrocarbon production and specific natural features of steppe zones. Suitability patterns represent three indicators: two morphometric parameters (slope and aspect) and one spatial (the remoteness of O&G objects from water bodies). Our findings suggest that O&G production disturbs just over 3% of soil-vegetation cover in our study plot, while more than 13% of O&G objects are located in unsuitable zones based on topographic aspect, and about 11% lie in unsuitable zones regarding distance to water.     

聚二乙烯基苯功能化纺织布用于快速油水分离的研究

面对日趋严重的海洋漏油事故及工业含油废水排放问题,本研究提出了一种基于聚二乙烯基苯（PDVB）的超疏水纺织布制备方法,将二乙烯基苯单体在纺织布纤维上聚合生长,形成超疏水涂层,用于快速油水分离.结果表明,制备的纺织布具有优异的超疏水性,水接触角为155°,对不同油/水混合物的分离效率均高于97%,渗透通量达3077 L·m^-2·h^-1.在砂纸磨损40次、超声处理60 min和不同溶剂浸泡实验中依旧维持超疏水性.研究表明,该超疏水纺织布的制备方法高效、简单、环保、成本低,适合大规模生产,所制备的超疏水超亲油的纺织布是用于溢油清理和工业含油废水处理的非常有前途的材料.     

Pyrolysis behaviors of oil sludge based on TG/FTIR and PY-GC/MS

Pyrolysis is an alternative technology for oil sludge treatment. Thermogravimetric Analysis-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry were employed to investigate the pyrolysis process and products of oil sludge. The pyrolysis process was divided into five stages: drying and gas desorption, oil volatilization, main pyrolysis, semi-coke charring, and mineral decomposition. The main reaction temperatures ranged from 497.6 K to 753.2 K. The products were mainly composed of pairs of alkane and alkene (carbon number ranges from 1 to 27). The mechanisms consisted of random chain scission followed by end chain scission at high temperatures with volatilization occurring during the whole process. This study is useful not only for the proper design of a pyrolysis system, but also for improving the utilization of liquid oil products.     

储油条件下拱顶油罐的油气爆炸实验

为研究储油条件下拱顶油罐油气爆炸的发展过程,设计了中尺度拱顶油罐油气爆炸实验台架,并完成了储油条件下油罐油气爆炸试验。实验结果表明:储油条件下油气爆炸会导致罐顶破坏,超压发展分为多个阶段,并出现强烈的超压振荡和二次爆炸现象,最大超压由二次爆炸所产生;爆炸最大超压随着初始油气体积分数的降低而升高;在储油条件下,油罐油气爆炸后会诱导产生二次爆炸现象,第2次爆炸超压峰值和升压速率均远大于第1次爆炸的数值,且二次爆炸对外场的影响更加明显;火焰强度随时间的变化曲线具有2个明显的峰值,其形成原因分别为第1次爆炸和第2次爆炸。     

油气管道本质安全影响因素分析及启示

管道运输是油气运输的主要方式,为了研究油气管道本质安全的影响因素和薄弱环节,通过分析美国和加拿大油气管道的事故原因,识别了3种影响因素和7个薄弱环节;通过统计管道工程各阶段的事故和影响因素的数量,分析了每个阶段存在的本质安全问题。结果表明:施工阶段的事故和影响因素的数量远多于其他阶段;施工和制管阶段的影响因素种类多,事故原因分散,本质安全提升难度较大;设计和运营阶段的影响因素种类少,事故原因相对集中,本质安全提升难度相对不大;各阶段都存在技术和管理的不足。根据油气管道本质安全影响因素分析结果,得出管道本质安全5个方面的启示。     

基于SVM的CO2驱油藏输油管道脆弱性评价研究

CO2驱油在全国范围内的广泛开展导致内外扰动对输油管道的威胁大大增加,为指导企业发现输油管道的薄弱点从而预防事故发生,提出CO2驱油藏输油管道脆弱性概念及研究思路。将脆弱性分为5个等级并确定各级脆弱性的取值范围。深入分析脆弱性要素,从致灾因子、承灾体和灾害响应3个方面建立脆弱性评价指标体系,并确定各等级脆弱性对应的指标范围。利用MATLAB R2013a的SVM回归方法,构建脆弱性评价模型并进行实例应用。结果表明:模型训练的输出与期望输出拟合较好,均方误差为9.98052×10-7;训练好的SVM模型具有较强的泛化能力和较高的准确性,其对检验样本脆弱性进行预测的最大相对误差为0.027。利用模型得到研究区域某输油管道的脆弱性值为0.381,其脆弱性程度为不太脆弱。