The orientation of disaster donations: differences in the global response to five major earthquakes

This study analyses the influence of gift giving, geographical location, political regime, and trade openness on disaster donation decisions, using five severe earthquakes that occurred between 2008 and 2012 as case studies. The results show that global disaster donation is not dominated by only philanthropy or trade interests, and that the determinants of donation decisions vary with the scale of the natural disaster and the characteristics of the disaster‐affected countries. While gift giving exists in the case of middle‐size earthquakes, political regimes play a very important part in the overall donation process. Countries with higher perceived corruption may donate more frequently, but those that are more democratic may be more generous in their donations. Generosity based on geographical proximity to the calamity is significant in the decision‐making process for most natural disasters, yet it may have a negative effect on donations in Latin America and the Caribbean.     

生态补偿与生态云南

构建生态云南的基本要素有：明确的责任；心理准备充分；资金充裕；社会动员、组织动员高效便捷；打环境官司容易；完善的约束——激励机制；履行生态伦理的能力。生态补偿能创造和积累构建生态云南所需要素和条件。本文将云南生态补偿划分为伦理型生态补偿和法制型生态补偿，探讨各类生态补偿的发展策略、步骤、方式和手段。     

中国淡水蛏卵子发生的超微结构

运用透射电镜研究中国淡水蛏Novaculina chinensis卵子发生过程中细胞和细胞器的超微结构变化,结果表明,卵原细胞的胞质含有丰富的核糖体及少量线粒体和内质网,其它细胞器不发达,卵黄合成前期,卵母细胞胞体增大,线粒体较多,量小泡装和条索状的内质网;同时随着发育的进行,出现卵黄膜、合成少量卵黄粒及产生大量脂滴,卵黄全成期卵母细胞胞体迅速增大,细胞核伸出伪足状突起;胞 内出现丰富的线粒体、溶酶体及结构独特的内质网、卵黄粒越来越多,而脂滴越来越少,成熟期卵母细胞胞体达到最大,细胞器不发达,胞质中充满大量卵黄粒,仅少量脂滴。首次观察到卵母细胞表面伸出伪足状突起,这也是外源卵黄发生的证据。讨论了中国淡水蛏卵子发生的特点.     

Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the expression of apoptotic markers in mouse blastocysts

Oocyte maturation, embryo development and expression of apoptotic-specific genes were evaluated in blastocysts of mice treated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Female mice received 0, 50 or 100?mg/kg/day titanium dioxide intraperitoneally for five consecutive days. After the last injection, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and, 48?h later, human chorionic gonadotropin were administered intraperitoneally for induction of ovulation. After 14?h, mice were sacrificed and oocytes were collected. The number of mature oocytes was evaluated and then fertilization was carried out in vitro and the numbers of fertilized and cleaved oocytes and of blastocysts and the expression of Bax, caspase 3, and Bcl-xL genes in blastocysts were evaluated. The number of mature, fertilized and cleaved oocytes and of blastocyst embryos in the experimental groups were not different from control. The expression of Bax and caspase 3 genes was significantly elevated in the experimental groups compared to control, while expression of the Bcl-xL gene was significantly lower in the high dose group. Uptake of titanium dioxide nanoparticles at daily doses of 50?mg/kg and more may affect embryo development by alteration of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression.     

栉孔扇贝卵发生的超微结构和细胞化学

对栉孔扇贝Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓｆａｒｒｅｒｉ 的卵原细胞和卵母细胞发育过程的超微结构和细胞化学研究结果表明：卵原细胞的胞质中含大量的游离核糖体,细胞器不发达,蛋白质和ＲＮＡ丰富而糖元贫乏;卵黄生成之前,卵母细胞中的核质膨大为生发泡;核仁发达,胞质中线粒体大为增多;卵黄体和皮层颗粒首先出现于核周,接近线粒体聚集处;卵黄生成盛期,卵母细胞的胞质内具平行片层粗面内质网和同心圆状粗面内质网,它们是生成卵黄体和皮层颗粒的主要细胞器,线粒体和高尔基器也参与了这两种内含物的生成;微胞饮作用也为细胞的发育提供某些物质;卵黄体含蛋白质和糖元,皮层颗粒富含多糖类;卵黄膜形成始于卵黄生成初期,先是细胞游离端的胞质出现一个富含多糖的突起,突起部的质膜微绒毛化,微绒毛分泌产生由中性多糖构成的卵黄膜,继而向四周扩展,并于卵母细胞成熟时覆盖整个细胞;ＲＮＡ 合成贯穿于卵母细胞的整个发育期,延续至卵黄生成结束之后,成熟分裂临近之时．