大型原油商业储备油库火灾危险性数值模拟分析

石油储备油库多向大型化、复杂化方向发展,发生事故时扑救非常困难。为了深入探讨巨型油罐火灾发展趋势与规律、事故危害后果,结合宁夏惠安堡原油商业储备油库这一工程实例,采用基于大涡模拟的FDS模型作为模拟计算平台,对巨型油罐火灾的燃烧过程进行数值模拟计算。通过分析计算,得到烟气分布、温度分布、热辐射强度分布等火灾过程参数的变化趋势,以及在有风和无风状态下着火罐对相邻油罐的影响,探讨现行建设工程消防技术标准就储罐防火间距、火灾时对邻近罐体冷却设计要求运用于巨型储油罐时的消防安全状况,为巨型储油罐消防安全科学合理设计提供理论依据。     

人体降温服在矿井热环境中的应用综述

降温服是一种应用于高温环境条件下的个体防护设备。根据深矿井热害治理需求,提出用人体降温服对人体直接降温的个体防护方法。结合降温服的降温原理和分类,对个体降温服国内外研究现状及其在矿井热害治理中的可能应用进行了综述和评价分析。为在深矿井热害治理中有针对性的研究、设计和应用矿用人体降温服提供参考。     

台湾周边海域波浪能资源研究

利用近5 a的实测海浪数据,定义了波浪能资源开发的可用波高,从波浪能流密度的大小、波周期、波浪能资源开发的可用波高出现频率、波浪能资源储量等方面着手,对台湾周边海域的波浪能资源进行分析,为海浪发电、海水淡化等波浪能资源开发工作提供科学依据。研究发现:①台湾周边大部分海域的能流密度在3 kW/m以上,相对大值区分布于基隆、澎湖、花莲、成功大武附近海域,成功大武附近海域的年平均能流密度高达7.15 kW/m。能流密度在1月和10月最大,7月为全年最低。②台湾岛西部海域的海浪波周期多在4.5~5.5 s,台湾岛以东海域、北部的基隆附近海域、南部的鹅銮鼻附近海域的波周期在6.0 s左右。③台湾周边海域可用波高出现的频率整体较高,其中1月和10月出现频率明显大于4月和7月。④台湾周边海域的波浪能资源总储量在2×10⁴ kWh·m^-1以上,高值区分布于台湾北部的基隆附近海域、台湾东部的花莲附近海域、台湾东南部的成功大武附近海域、位于台湾海峡的澎湖附近海域,高雄附近海域为低值区。⑤台湾周边海域波浪能资源的富集区分布于基隆附近海域、花莲附近海域、成功大武附近海域以及澎湖附近海域,相对贫乏区分布于高雄附近海域。     

Shake table study of annular baffles in steel storage tanks as sloshing dependent variable dampers

Aboveground steel storage tanks are widely utilized in industrial areas such as oil refineries, petrochemical complexes, oil depots, and etc. Assurance of these infrastructure facilities in high seismic areas is a very important engineering consideration. High amplitude fluid sloshing is one of the widespread causes of steel oil storage tanks during strong earthquakes addressed as an important failure mode. This phenomenon generates additional forces impacting the wall and roof of the tanks. Annular baffles can be used as slosh damping devises to control liquid sloshing within a tank. The main objective of this paper is experimental study of annular baffle effects as anti-sloshing damping devices to reduce fluid wave sloshing height in steel storage tanks typically used in oil and petrochemical complexes during an earthquake. Shake table tests have been used on a reduced scale model steel storage tank in two cases of with and without annular baffles. Three real earthquake ground motion records are used as input base motion. Based on the experimental test results, dynamic characteristics of studied tank models with different filling levels and different baffle dimensions and arrangements have been obtained and summarized in this paper. Also, sloshing heights and convective mode damping values are determined from the test results and compared with API650 code recommendations and recommended equations by other researchers. Generally, the results of this study indicate significant effects of the annular baffles in reducing the fluid wave sloshing height as sloshing dependent variable dampers.     

Changing tracks as situations change: humanitarian and health response along the Liberia–Côte d'Ivoire border

In recent years, protracted crises and fragile post‐conflict settings have challenged the co‐existence, and even the linear continuum, of relief and development aid. Forced migration has tested humanitarian and development paradigms where sudden‐onset emergencies, violence and displacement arise alongside ongoing development work. Drawing on Médecins Sans Frontières interventions in the region from December 2010 to May 2011, this paper examines aid and healthcare responses to displacement in Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia; it focuses on challenges to the maintenance of preparedness for such foreseeable emergencies and to adaptation in response to changing situations of displacement and insecurity. This ‘backsliding’ from development to emergency remains a substantial challenge to aid; yet, in exactly such cases, it also presents the opportunity to ensure access to medical care that is much more urgently needed in times of crisis, including the suspension of user fees for medical care.     

沼液贮存及田间施用后大肠菌群的消长动态

以猪场粪污水厌氧发酵产生的沼液为材料,分别在冬春季和夏秋季对其采用加盖和无盖2种方式贮存,定期检测沼液中大肠菌群数量;通过田间生菜种植试验,定期施用大肠菌群数量(以下均以CFU计)分别为104(WF)、105(LF)、106(MF)和107g-1(HF)的沼液,在沼液施用完毕后第3、10、17和24天检测土壤、生菜表面和生菜体内大肠菌群数量。结果表明:夏秋季大肠菌群存活时间较长,沼液无盖贮存可使大肠菌群数量减少。沼液贮存50 d后,除冬春季无盖贮存的沼液中大肠菌群数量达到GB 8978—2002《污水综合排放标准》中三级排放要求,可以排放以外,其他处理均未达到排放要求。沼液中大肠菌群数量越高,经农田施用后土壤中大肠菌群数量越多,生菜表面和体内大肠菌群数量也越高,但随时间延长大肠菌群数量变化略有不同。检测期内,WF处理农田土壤中大肠菌群数量显著低于其他处理;沼液施毕后第3天,WF处理生菜表面及体内大肠菌群数量均显著小于HF和MF处理;24 d时各处理生菜体内大肠菌群数量均检测不到,达到GB 4789.3—2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验大肠菌群计数》要求,生菜表面大肠菌群数量对数值小于3.51,但未达GB 4789.3—2010要求。     

矿用降温服的研制及热舒适性研究

矿用降温服的研制与应用对于解决矿山人员的防暑降温具有重要意义。本文介绍了矿用降温服的工作原理及设计方案,并对矿用降温服的热舒适性进行理论研究和现场试验。结果表明:矿用降温服所采用蓄冷材料的相变温度为-4.6℃,相变潜热为255.1J/g。该矿用降温服具有良好的降温效果和热舒性。     

井工转露天开采边坡岩体滑移机制的试验研究

井工转露天是一个新的论题,因开采时序的改变,导致边坡体的滑移机制产生了质的变化。应用底面摩擦模型试验和数值模拟方法,针对新的开采时序关系进行了模拟研究,揭示了露天矿延深开采扰动作用下井采区上覆岩体的平衡体系失稳与再活化过程及其演变规律;针对两种开采模式影响域的部分或整体的相互叠加作用特点,分析了自重应力与附加应力的叠加作用属性及开采时序变化对边坡体变形的影响规律,揭示了地下采区对边坡稳定性影响的分区性特点及其影响机制。     

大型常压储罐在用检验技术与策略

介绍了钢制立式焊接常压储罐主要的损伤机理、主要检测标准和各种无损检测方法在储罐检验中的应用特点以及基于风险检验的理念,提出了储罐在用检验的技术方法和策略。     

地下天然气储气井的现状与前景

储气井是一种压力容器,也是地下压力容器的典型代表。由于开发储气井的理念来源于油气井,因此储气井具有常规压力容器所不具备的特性并存在很多先天不足。文章针对储气井的现状,剖析了储气井在材料、设计、制造、检验检测等各环节存在的问题,并对储气井的健康发展提出了改进建议。