Changing tracks as situations change: humanitarian and health response along the Liberia–Côte d'Ivoire border

In recent years, protracted crises and fragile post‐conflict settings have challenged the co‐existence, and even the linear continuum, of relief and development aid. Forced migration has tested humanitarian and development paradigms where sudden‐onset emergencies, violence and displacement arise alongside ongoing development work. Drawing on Médecins Sans Frontières interventions in the region from December 2010 to May 2011, this paper examines aid and healthcare responses to displacement in Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia; it focuses on challenges to the maintenance of preparedness for such foreseeable emergencies and to adaptation in response to changing situations of displacement and insecurity. This ‘backsliding’ from development to emergency remains a substantial challenge to aid; yet, in exactly such cases, it also presents the opportunity to ensure access to medical care that is much more urgently needed in times of crisis, including the suspension of user fees for medical care.     

大型原油商业储备油库火灾危险性数值模拟分析

石油储备油库多向大型化、复杂化方向发展,发生事故时扑救非常困难。为了深入探讨巨型油罐火灾发展趋势与规律、事故危害后果,结合宁夏惠安堡原油商业储备油库这一工程实例,采用基于大涡模拟的FDS模型作为模拟计算平台,对巨型油罐火灾的燃烧过程进行数值模拟计算。通过分析计算,得到烟气分布、温度分布、热辐射强度分布等火灾过程参数的变化趋势,以及在有风和无风状态下着火罐对相邻油罐的影响,探讨现行建设工程消防技术标准就储罐防火间距、火灾时对邻近罐体冷却设计要求运用于巨型储油罐时的消防安全状况,为巨型储油罐消防安全科学合理设计提供理论依据。     

人体降温服在矿井热环境中的应用综述

降温服是一种应用于高温环境条件下的个体防护设备。根据深矿井热害治理需求,提出用人体降温服对人体直接降温的个体防护方法。结合降温服的降温原理和分类,对个体降温服国内外研究现状及其在矿井热害治理中的可能应用进行了综述和评价分析。为在深矿井热害治理中有针对性的研究、设计和应用矿用人体降温服提供参考。     

台湾周边海域波浪能资源研究

利用近5 a的实测海浪数据,定义了波浪能资源开发的可用波高,从波浪能流密度的大小、波周期、波浪能资源开发的可用波高出现频率、波浪能资源储量等方面着手,对台湾周边海域的波浪能资源进行分析,为海浪发电、海水淡化等波浪能资源开发工作提供科学依据。研究发现:①台湾周边大部分海域的能流密度在3 kW/m以上,相对大值区分布于基隆、澎湖、花莲、成功大武附近海域,成功大武附近海域的年平均能流密度高达7.15 kW/m。能流密度在1月和10月最大,7月为全年最低。②台湾岛西部海域的海浪波周期多在4.5~5.5 s,台湾岛以东海域、北部的基隆附近海域、南部的鹅銮鼻附近海域的波周期在6.0 s左右。③台湾周边海域可用波高出现的频率整体较高,其中1月和10月出现频率明显大于4月和7月。④台湾周边海域的波浪能资源总储量在2×10⁴ kWh·m^-1以上,高值区分布于台湾北部的基隆附近海域、台湾东部的花莲附近海域、台湾东南部的成功大武附近海域、位于台湾海峡的澎湖附近海域,高雄附近海域为低值区。⑤台湾周边海域波浪能资源的富集区分布于基隆附近海域、花莲附近海域、成功大武附近海域以及澎湖附近海域,相对贫乏区分布于高雄附近海域。     

碳捕获与油藏封存CO_2气源途径经济性比较方法

气源是影响碳捕获与封存技术推广的关键因素之一。以CO2气藏、含CO2天然气藏和高能耗企业废气三种气源途径为对象,研究了气源途径的经济性比较方法,构建了P1、P2指标及其计算模型,并对模型中经济要素在不同气源途径下的构成和计算方法进行分析。最后采用上述方法对中国现运行的三个捕集示范项目进行了实例验证。该研究的方法可以为CO2-EOR项目气源途径选择决策提供指导。     

Safeguarding Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the Little Karoo,South Africa

Abstract: Global declines in biodiversity and the widespread degradation of ecosystem services have led to urgent calls to safeguard both. Responses to this urgency include calls to integrate the needs of ecosystem services and biodiversity into the design of conservation interventions. The benefits of such integration are purported to include improvements in the justification and resources available for these interventions. Nevertheless, additional costs and potential trade‐offs remain poorly understood in the design of interventions that seek to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. We sought to investigate the synergies and trade‐offs in safeguarding ecosystem services and biodiversity in South Africa's Little Karoo. We used data on three ecosystem services—carbon storage, water recharge, and fodder provision—and data on biodiversity to examine several conservation planning scenarios. First, we investigated the amount of each ecosystem service captured incidentally by a conservation plan to meet targets for biodiversity only while minimizing opportunity costs. We then examined the costs of adding targets for ecosystem services into this conservation plan. Finally, we explored trade‐offs between biodiversity and ecosystem service targets at a fixed cost. At least 30% of each ecosystem service was captured incidentally when all of biodiversity targets were met. By including data on ecosystem services, we increased the amount of services captured by at least 20% for all three services without additional costs. When biodiversity targets were reduced by 8%, an extra 40% of fodder provision and water recharge were obtained and 58% of carbon could be captured for the same cost. The opportunity cost (in terms of forgone production) of safeguarding 100% of the biodiversity targets was about US$500 million. Our results showed that with a small decrease in biodiversity target achievement, substantial gains for the conservation of ecosystem services can be achieved within our biodiversity priority areas for no extra cost.     

南通富水砂层盾构隧道开挖对邻近桩基影响分析

为有效控制盾构隧道近距侧穿既有桥梁桩基施工,给桩基造成一定安全风险,本文依托南通地铁1号线区间盾构工程,建立三维有限元模型,基于流固耦合理论分析盾构施工对桩基水平位移、内力、地表沉降的影响,并验证计算的准确性。结果表明:盾构开挖面距离桩基2D范围内,盾构施工对桩基产生的影响占总水平位移的85%;桩基产生的最大水平位移为16.13 mm;盾构施工引起桩基剪力和弯矩的变化量明显。在富水砂层类似工程施工中应加强监测,同时采取优化盾构掘进参数和地层加固等措施,减小盾构施工对桩基影响。     

桩基缺陷偏心的二维效应分析

桩基低应变动测中经常会遇到桩身缺陷偏于一边的情况。对此 ,不同的检测人员可能会给出有一定差异的检测结果 ,这给有关部门对缺陷桩的定性以及决策带来不便。本文针对桩基低应变动测中可能遇到的桩身缺陷偏心问题 ,采用二维波动有限元方法进行数值模拟分析 ,研究桩身缺陷偏心的二维效应 ,分析缺陷偏心时桩顶各部位振动信号的差异 ,探讨对缺陷偏心桩在现场检测中应注意的问题。     

茂兰喀斯特原生林不同地球化学背景下的土壤种子库的初步研究

采用野外取样和盆栽试验观察相结合的方法,对贵州茂兰3个不同岩性地球化学背景下森林的土壤中的种子进行萌发实验研究,结果表明:(1)贵州茂兰喀斯特森林的土壤中贮藏着丰富的种子,种子库储量在187.5-550粒/m2。(2)相对而言,纯灰岩的种子库储量最大,不纯碳酸盐岩的次之,纯白云岩的种子库储量最小;在垂直方向上,种子密度随着土壤深度的增加而减小。(3)土壤种子库中自然萌发的种子物种多样性指数为纯灰岩>纯白云岩>不纯碳酸盐岩。(4)从土壤种子库萌发的种子数量和组成成分方面来看,纯白云岩和不纯碳酸盐岩之间的相似性系数>纯白云岩和纯灰岩之间的相似性系数>纯灰岩和不纯碳酸盐岩之间的相似性系数。     

深基坑排桩-内支撑支护结构空间变形的应用研究

结合武汉某深基坑工程实际,以地质资料和设计方案为基础,基于ANSYS进行基坑及其支护结构的三维建模,总结土体及排桩-内支撑支护结构的受力及变形分布规律。讨论立柱与内支撑梁的连接问题,分别对立柱与内支撑梁的刚接、铰接情况进行了三维模拟计算,得出不同连接情况下的土体及排桩内支撑的变形及受力情况,为实际工程提出一些合理化的建议。