基于情景要素的电网大面积停电事件情景序列构建方法研究

为了进一步做好电网大面积停电事件应对工作,针对电网大面积停电事件外部致因条件与事件内部演化规律不清的问题,采用“情景-构建”方法梳理事件情景要素,并在历史事故案例数据以及大量应急演练数据的基础上,综合运用数据挖掘方法,建立相关事件情景的逻辑与时间序列,为电网大面积停电事件的应急响应与决策指挥等工作提供科学、合理的理论支持,相关研究思路与方法也可为电力企业其它类型突发事件的应急管理工作提供参考。     

铁锰在贵州阿哈湖沉积物中的分离

贵州阿哈湖 1982年扩容后 ,长期受到煤矿废水的污染 ,大量铁、锰元素随废水带入湖中 .研究发现 :主要来自酸性矿山废水的还原态溶解铁、锰离子在入湖向下游迁移过程中发生了显著地分离 .受岩溶地区湖泊较强的酸中和能力及近年人为石灰投放的影响 ,湖泊未被酸化 ,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺在入湖运移过程中由于氧化速率的差异 ,在不同的湖区发生沉积 ,形成了铁、锰在水平迁移上的明显分离 ;锰在深湖区上层沉积物中富集现象明显 ,并在沉积深度上与铁形成垂向上的显著分离 .经过陆源校正 ,证实铁、锰在阿哈湖的显著分离的开始是对该湖扩容事件的响应 .扩容后下游沉积物中铁含量逐渐减少 ,孔隙水中溶解铁分布特征也指示铁还原作用主要发生在沉积物下层 ,表明铁在沉积后再迁移能力较弱 .锰还原过程则发生在上层沉积物中 ,再迁移能力很强 .本研究还提出了来自煤矿废水的Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺在入湖水平运移过程中 ,铁、锰逐步分离、富集以及在沉积深度上的分离模式 .     

Seasonal distribution and speciation of mercury in a gold mining area,north-west province,South Africa

The seasonal speciation of mercury (Hg) was determined in water, soil, and sediments from watersheds located in the North-West province of South Africa. The study area is known to have a long history of mining activities which also include the recovery of gold from old tailings. Both inorganic (IHg) and methyl mercury (MHg) were detected at high concentrations (up to 8480 μg IHg kg^?1 and 13 μg MHg kg^?1) in surface sediments during dry season. A considerable remobilization of Hg from bottom sediments was observed in water from dry to wet season as well as the migration of Hg away from pollution sources due to seasonal influences. Hg in sediments mostly has been speciated as Hg⁰. Enhancement of Hg methylation occurred mainly in deeper sediments at regions corresponding to the lowest redox potential, higher pH, and enrichment of IHg. Hg values in borehole waters were very high (up to 3310 ng L^?1) suggesting a serious contamination of the site groundwater which needs to be addressed urgently in order to minimize further impact that affects the Vaal River and other water systems located nearby.     

A Marine Pollution Study of Northeast Coastal Water Off Taiwan Island

Abstract

The coastal water of northeast Taiwan island, called ‘Yin-Yang Hai’ for its distinct yellow colour compared with blue offshore water, was investigated from 1989 to 1990 by the authors. Biological study showed the dominant species of plankton to be Copepoda, Cladocera, planktonic eggs and Diatoma. Dominant species of benthos were young crabs, Amphipoda and Annelida, with Amphipoda usually occurring in heavily polluted areas. Heavy metal data showed that the concentration of copper was high. the copper and iron concentration in algae of the intertidal zone was also high. the concentrations of iron and copper in inshore water were also higher than in offshore water. By comparison of the pH and salinity distribution of this area, we conclude that this coastal water has been polluted by acid waste water from coastal industry. the suspended solids concentration in sea water is high. Flocculation occurring at the boundary of fresh and saline water might be a reason for the distinct yellow colour of the water of this area. Further study is required.     

湖北省工业用地集约利用综合评价——基于365家典型工业企业的问卷调查

通过构建由用地结构、用地强度、土地投入和土地产出4个子目标层、9个因素层组成的工业企业土地集约利用评价指标体系,采用Bayes判别法,对湖北省9个工业行业的365家典型工业企业土地集约度进行判别分析,并对中度和低度利用企业可挖掘潜力进行了测算。结果显示:365家企业中,集约利用企业共82家,占企业总数的22.47%,中度和低度利用企业共215家,占企业总数的58.90%;集约利用企业比例较大的是金属冶炼及压延加工业和通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业,中度和低度利用企业比例较大的是专用设备制造业、医药制造业和化学原料及化学品制造业。中度和低度企业集约利用潜力总面积为865.70 hm²,占企业批准用地总面积的42.83%,土地集约利用潜力巨大。     

基于DEA的中小型工矿企业安全管理能力评价研究

对中小型工矿企业安全管理能力的内涵进行界定,从现实能力和潜在能力两个层面建立中小型工矿企业安全管理能力的评估指标体系,并运用DEA模型进行评价。研究结果表明:该评价方法有效地反映中小型工矿企业安全管理能力,并且说明具体的改进方向,为企业提升安全管理水平提供一种思路和方法。     

坚硬顶板煤层一次采全高矿压显现规律研究

大采高综采技术是厚煤层开采工艺的重要发展方向,越来越多的被采用,矿压事故在矿山生产安全事故中占有较大比例,有效掌握矿压规律,采用合理生产工艺是采矿生产过程中必须认真考虑的问题。大采高综采工作面采场顶板跨度大、高度高,矿山压力复杂,矿压显现规律特殊,管理难度大。针对某煤矿9、10号煤层大采高综采工作面顶板坚硬特性,为掌握类似地质条件下大采高工作面矿压显现规律,作者从理论分析入手,采用相似模拟实验方法,经过对模拟实验数据进行研究分析,得出了本矿区特定坚硬顶板条件下大采高工作面矿压显现规律,认为类似地质条件大采高工作面,顶板垮落易造成动力冲击,顶板破坏形式主要是拉断和剪断,最大压力值发生在工作面中部前方,采空区积水的影响情况和地表的沉陷状况,还需通过其他方法进行进一步的分析、论证,提出了针对类似围岩条件采煤工作面的安全技术和管理措施。     

淮南矿区水体沉积物中金属污染及环境现状评价

以淮南矿区为例,评价长期采矿活动(尤其是煤矸石堆积)造成的矿区水体中金属污染. 从不同开采历史的矿井区中选择4个代表性采煤沉陷水体,系统采集表层沉积物样品. 使用美国POEMS(Ⅱ)型电感耦合等离子体全谱直读光谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪对沉积物中主要有害金属元素(Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn,As,Hg)的含量进行分析,用加拿大沉积物标样(LKSD-1)控制分析质量. 采用沉积物质量标准、地积累指数法、潜在生态危害系数法对金属元素污染及潜在生态风险进行评价. 结果表明:沉积物已显现采矿活动的金属污染贡献,且具有累积性;开采历史及煤矸石风化时间越长,矿井区水体沉积物的金属污染程度越重. 各金属元素污染程度均在中等以下,生态危害程度均为轻微级(Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn). 说明在该典型低硫煤采矿区,近百年的采矿活动尚未导致矿区水体严重的金属污染.      

Graduated stringency within collective incentives for group environmental compliance: Building coordination in field-lab experiments with artisanal gold miners in Colombia

Small-scale gold mining is important to rural livelihoods in the developing world but also a source of environmental externalities. Incentives for individual producers are the classic policy response for a socially efficient balance between livelihoods and the environment. Yet monitoring individual miners is ineffective, or it is very costly, especially on frontiers with scattered small-scale miners. We ask whether monitoring at a group level effectively incentivizes cleaner artisanal mining by combining lower-cost external monitoring with local collective action. We employ a mining-framed, threshold-public-goods experiment in Colombia's Pacific region, with 640 participants from frontier mining communities. To study compliance with collective environmental targets, we vary the target stringency, including to compare increases over time in the stringency versus decreases. We find that collective incentives can induce efficient equilibria, with group compliance – and even inefficient overcompliance – despite the existence of equilibria with zero contributions. Yet, for demanding targets in which the reward for compliance barely outweighs the cost, compliance can collapse. Those outcomes improve with past successes for easier targets, however, so our results suggest gain from building coordination via graduated stringency.     

龙岩市某铁锰矿区土壤重金属地球化学空间分布特征与来源分析

采集了龙岩市某铁锰矿区基岩-不同层位土壤配套样品,测试了其中重金属Pb、Cd和As含量,采用普通克里金插值法,研究了土壤中3种重金属元素的地球化学空间分布特征,分析了Pb、Cd和As的来源.结果表明,研究区地处汇水盆地中,高含量Pb和As主要分布于工作区西部靠近露天采场的区域,中部两支河流交汇处及东部废石堆附近,而Cd大面积集中于西部露天采场周边及选矿厂附近.从水平剖面看,3种重金属在土壤各层位高值区域的含量变化整体表现为随着与矿区水平距离的增加而逐渐降低的趋势.从垂向剖面看,重金属在不同层位土壤间的相关度高.Pb、Cd和As在西部距离露天采场较近的区域,含量随深度增加呈先升高再降低的趋势.在其他高值区域,3种重金属含量随深度增加而降低.不同层位土壤Pb和As含量与花岗岩、闪长岩中的含量均呈显著正相关关系,Pb和As继承了矿床及其周边母岩的特性.研究区重金属As虽受到矿山开采等人为影响,但影响程度不高.部分点位母质（岩）自身具有较高含量的重金属,同时,土壤中重金属Pb和Cd的含量显著高于岩石含量,甚至远远超过土壤风险筛选值,受工矿业、交通运输和农业生产等人类活动影响较大,存在点源污染,需关注其对农产品质量安全、农作物生长及土壤生态环境可能产生的风险.