高速公路运营安全性评价

系统研究国内外道路运营安全评价先进技术,认为各种安全评价方法有其优缺点,单一方法使用时,难以得到全面、可靠的评价结果。在此基础上,结合我国高速公路运营状况,提出了运用速度协调性分析、事故调查与分析、设计符合性以及运营安全评价清单进行评价的高速公路运营综合安全评价方法。该方法能最大程度地发现事故隐患、预防事故的发生或减轻事故的严重程度。并运用该方法对某改建高速公路进行了运营安全评价,指出了该拟改建高速公路两处事故多发路段和3方面的安全隐患,证实了综合安全评价方法的有效性。     

矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复方案编制中几个技术问题的探讨

以国土资源部颁布的《矿山地质环境保护规定》、《矿山环境保护与综合治理编制规范》和《地质灾害危险性评估技术要求》为原则,结合工作实践,尝试对矿山地质环境评估要求进行了强调与细化,对评估范围的确定方法,对现状评估、预测评估及综合评估的关系、方案适用年限、成果图件的编制等几个矿山地质环境保护与治理恢复方案中的主要技术问题做了初步探讨。     

利用多元线性回归方法评估气象条件和控制措施对APEC期间北京空气质量的影响

气象条件对大气污染物的扩散和传输有重要影响,准确分离和定量气象因素对空气质量的影响是评估大气污染控制政策有效性的前提.本研究利用APEC会议期间及前后(2014-10-15～2014-11-30)北京城区朝阳观测站点SO_2、NO、NO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_1和PM_(10)以及气象因素的观测数据,采用多元线性回归分析方法,定量评估了气象条件和空气污染控制措施对APEC期间北京空气质量的影响.在假定排放条件不变的情况下,基于气象因素参数建立的预测污染物浓度的多元线性回归模型模拟效果较为理想,决定系数R~2在0. 494～0. 783之间.控制措施使得APEC控制期SO_2、NO、NO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_1和PM_(10)浓度分别降低48. 3%、53. 5%、18. 7%、40. 6%、3. 6%、34. 8%、28. 8%和40. 6%,气象因素使得APEC控制期SO_2、NO、NO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_1和PM_(10)浓度分别降低1. 7%、-2. 8%、18. 7%、4. 5%、18. 6%、27. 5%、30. 6%和35. 6%.气象因素和控制措施共同作用使得APEC控制期北京空气质量得到了明显改善.控制措施对SO_2和氮氧化物浓度的下降起主导作用,气象因素对CO浓度的下降起主导作用,气象因素和控制措施对颗粒物浓度降低的贡献相当.本研究还利用相对权重方法研究了气象因素对污染物浓度影响的贡献,结果表明影响不同污染物浓度的决定性气象因素不同.     

Oxidation inhibition of sulfite in dual alkali FGD system

A laboratory-scale well-mixed thermostatic reactor with continuously blasting air was used to investigate the oxidation inhibition of sulfite in dual alkali flue gas desulfurization （FGD） system. The effects of operating parameters such as pH value and catalyst concentration on the oxidation were studied. Sodium thiosulfate was used in the system, and was found that it significantly inhabited the sulfite oxidation. In the absence of catalyst, sodium thiosulfate at 12.67 mmol/L had an inhibition efficiency of approximately 98%. While in the presence of catalyst, sodium thiosulfate at 26.72 mmol/L had an inhibition efficiency less than 85.0%. The oxidation reaction order of sulfite in the sodium thiosulfate was determined to be -1.90 and 4）.55 in the absence and presence of the catalyst, respectively. Apparent activation energy of oxidation inhibition was calculated to be 53.9 kJ/mol. Pilot tests showed that the consumption rate of thiosulfate agreed well with the laboratory-scale experimental results.     

Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 “healthy” and “sub-healthy” sites and 8 “sub-sick” and “sick” sites.     

南京江北酸雨分布特征及其与气象条件的关系

通过对南京江北区降水酸性及成分进行了全面系统的测定和分析,发现南京江北酸雨大大重于市区,并具有秋高春低,雨水离子浓度高,电导值大,强酸度与高发率同时出现等明显分布特征。气象条件影响主要表现为:大气降水量、气温和相对湿度与酸雨pH和电导值呈反相关,与酸雨频率呈正相关;大气压强与酸雨pH和电导值呈正相关,与酸雨频率呈反相关;风向风速对酸性污染物输送具有明显的引导作用;冬春季节沙尘和灰霾天气入侵对酸雨具有减缓效应。     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

2014~2017北京市气象条件和人为排放变化对空气质量改善的贡献评估

2014～2017年北京地区霾日数和污染日数逐年减少,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2年平均质量浓度下降,污染程度缓解,采暖期中的11～12月尤为明显.针对空气质量的显著改善,从气象条件的改善和减排措施两方面进行探讨分析,并结合数值模式和大数据挖掘技术实现气象和排放对大气污染贡献率的定量化研究.结果表明,2017年与过去3 a相比,平均风速增加7. 9%,≥3. 4 m·s~(-1)的风速频次最高(10. 6%),≥70%湿度日占比最小(25. 1%);其中,采暖期与过去3 a同期相比,小风日数减少8. 6%、大气环境容量指数和通风指数平均增加约11%,边界层高度以3. 2%·a~(-1)的速率升高,尤其11～12月各要素改善更显著,且该时段内2014年各因子变化与2017年相似.非采暖期(4～10月)累积降水量558. 3 mm,仅次于2016年,有利于污染物的清除和湿沉降.利用WRF-CHEM对霾和污染频发的12月进行模拟发现,气象要素的改变导致2017年12月北京PM_(2.5)质量浓度较2014～2016年同期分别降低5%、38%和25%.因缺少政府实际施行的减排方案,无法利用WRF-CHEM量化气象和减排的具体贡献率,因此借助大数据挖掘算法,基于K近邻算法(KNN)和支持向量机(SVM)模型对气象和减排对空气质量改善的贡献进行评估,结果显示2017年减少的霾日和重污染日,65. 0%归因于减排的贡献,35. 0%归因为气象条件的改善.可见,气象与生态环境部门应继续加强数据开放共享,科学开展气象条件预报与减排评估.     

京津冀地区城市臭氧污染趋势及原因探讨

采用Kolmogorov-Zurbenko（KZ）滤波分析了2013~2018年京津冀地区13个城市的臭氧最大日8h滑动平均（O₃-8h）序列,评估污染趋势并探讨原因.KZ滤波分离出的O₃-8h短期、季节和长期等3个分量分别占原始序列总方差的32.7%、63.9%和3.4%,各分量之间相互独立;以滤除了中短期过程影响的长期分量进行比较,京津冀地区远高于柏林、巴黎和伦敦等欧洲城市,与美国洛杉矶20世纪90年代初和最近4年状况相当,普遍低于上海和南京等长三角主要城市.但是,2013~2018年京津冀地区各城市臭氧污染加剧显著,长期分量升高速率达2.31~7.12 μg·（m³·a）^-1,均值为4.97 μg·（m³·a）^-1,快于长三角地区.拟合结果提示,臭氧浓度升高受气象条件影响不大（贡献比均值约为9.6%）,主要由大气污染排放变化造成（90.4%）,将该排放变化拆分为PM_2.5下降和臭氧前体物排放变化两项,其贡献比均值分别是27.3%和63.1%,其中北京-廊坊-天津城市带PM_2.5下降对臭氧升高贡献较大,分别为50.8%、32.5%和36.7%,衡水则达到48.6%.PM_2.5浓度降低已成为北京、衡水等地臭氧升高的最关键因素,这意味着需进一步减少前体物排放,以抵消PM_2.5降低导致臭氧增加的反作用.需要指出,该结果尚待实验和模型模拟验证.     

铜铈复合氧化物上石化行业典型VOCs的氧化行为与动力学

采用共沉淀法和等体积浸渍法制备了CuCeO x复合催化剂,对材料的物化性质进行了XRD、低温N2吸脱附、H2-TPR和O2-TPD表征.以石化行业典型VOCs(苯、甲苯和正己烷)为探针污染物,研究了污染物组成与浓度、反应空速、O2浓度、H2O浓度和催化剂种类对其氧化行为的影响,并对反应动力学参数进行了模型拟合.共沉淀得到的催化剂具有均匀的活性相、好的低温可还原性能和较多的活性表面氧物种.甲苯氧化率随着污染物浓度升高而降低,高转化率下苯浓度与其氧化率无相关性,正己烷的氧化率与入口浓度呈正比.苯能够显著抑制甲苯的氧化,而甲苯加入有利于苯的氧化.正己烷对苯氧化的影响较小,但能够促进甲苯的转化,苯系物对正己烷氧化有明显的抑制作用.低空速和高氧浓度都有利于污染物的氧化,氧浓度的变化对正己烷和苯的氧化影响较小.水汽对甲苯的氧化有明显的抑制作用,而对苯和正己烷氧化有明显的促进作用.共沉淀催化剂具有更好的甲苯和苯氧化性能,而无水条件下浸渍催化剂具有更好的正己烷氧化性能.拟一级动力学模型能够很好地模拟不同条件下污染物的氧化行为.