基于云模型的运营隧道结构健康安全评价

为了实现运营隧道结构健康安全评价,选取19个指标因素作为评价指标,并基于大量工程实践和专家经验,进行云模型连续型影响因素属性离散化,得到运营隧道风险评价因子云模型分级标准。根据风险因子的不确定性,建立运营隧道结构健康安全评价云模型,并通过实例进行验证。结果表明,基于云模型的运营隧道结构健康安全等级具有较好可行性与适用性。同时,通过敏感性分析得到影响运营隧道结构健康安全的敏感性因素,为运营隧道结构健康安全控制提供支持。     

Red soil for sediment capping to control the internal nutrient release under flow conditions

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) released from the sediment to the surface water is a major source of water quality impairment. Therefore, inhibiting sediment nutrient release seems necessary. In this study, red soil (RS) was employed to control the nutrients released from a black-odorous river sediment under flow conditions. The N and P that were released were effectively controlled by RS capping. Continuous-flow incubations showed that the reduction efficiencies of total N (TN), ammonium (NH ₄ ⁺ -N), total P (TP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) of the overlying water by RS capping were 77%, 63%, 77% and 92%, respectively, and nitrification and denitrification occurred concurrently in the RS system. An increase in the water velocity coincided with a decrease in the nutrient release rate as a result of intensive water aeration.

Open image in new window

     

典型pH条件下水中离子对腐殖酸絮凝体构造的影响

分析评价了几种典型化学条件对腐殖酸絮凝体构造的影响.研究结果表明,在pH=5.0低投药量下以共聚络合为主要混凝机理所形成的絮凝体结构密实,粒径分布均匀,强度大.而pH=5高投药量以及pH=7.0两种情况下的混凝机理都是以吸附和网扫絮凝为主,此时形成的絮凝体构造特征相似,尽管尺寸较大,但是结构松散,强度较小.针对水中常见的主量阴阳离子,分析探讨了典型离子对絮凝体构造特征的影响.研究表明,Cl-在腐殖酸水样中的存在对絮凝体构造基本没有影响,而SO24-和SiO23-在水样中的存在可使腐殖酸絮凝体尺寸增加0.05—0.13 mm左右,但结构比较开放松散,同时絮凝体的黏结力(即抗剪切力)大大削弱,降低了约0.018—0.047 N·m-2,并且SO24-对腐殖酸絮体构造的影响大于SiO23-对其的影响.然而,引入阳离子会对絮凝体的构造起到不同程度的改善作用.其中以Ca2+、Mg2+为代表的高价阳离子对絮凝体构造影响较大,形成的絮凝体结构密实,尺寸较大,抗剪切能力强.高价阳离子的存在会使絮凝体的粒径增加0.08—0.15 mm,抗剪切力增加0.002—0.013 N·m-2,而以K+、Na+为代表的低价阳离子对絮凝体构造的影响较小.     

地质灾害危险性评估分级因素的探讨

地质灾害危险性评估工作级别由建设项目重要性和评估区地质环境条件复杂程度这两个因素决定.在分析现行相关标准和研究成果的基础上,指出建设项目重要性可依次由省部级相关技术标准、项目行政审批权限级别、预估灾后损失程度顺序确定,以先符合者为准;指出评估区地质环境条件复杂程度可由地质灾害发育程度、地形与地貌复杂程度、地质构造复杂程度、岩土体工程地质性质、水文地质条件、破坏地质环境的人类工程活动程度等6项判定因素确定,并初步确定了地质灾害发育程度、地形与地貌复杂程度、地质构造复杂程度、岩土体工程地质性质、水文地质条件和破坏地质环境的人类工程活动程度等分级评价标准.     

不同环境条件下三丁基氧化锡对火腿许水蚤（Schmakeria poplesia）的毒性效应

为探讨不同环境条件下三丁基氧化锡(TBTO)对桡足类的毒性效应,本文通过世代培养30日龄火腿许水蚤(Schmakeria poplesia)的多因素协同作用急性毒性实验,测定了温度、盐度、单胞藻浓度和桡足类密度等环境因素对TBTO毒性效应的影响。结果显示：TBTO对火腿许水蚤雌、雄个体的毒性效应无显著差异,96 h-LC50值分别为 0.41 µgTBTO l-1和0.42 µgTBTO l-1;随着温度的升高,TBTO毒性效应增强;与盐度25条件相比,盐度15和35条件下火腿许水蚤对TBTO的敏感性相对较高;单胞藻浓度升高导致TBTO对桡足类毒性效应降低;另外,桡足类暴露敏感性还受到其密度的影响。以上结果表明,环境因素对污染物的生物毒性效应产生较大影响,在毒理学研究中应根据实际环境情况设定合理的环境条件,以保证最终生态风险评价结果的科学性。     

制备条件对合成针铁矿的影响

考察了溶液酸碱性、老化条件、老化时间以及矿化剂滴加速度等因素对合成针铁矿的影响,通过粉末X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面（BET）及粒度分布测试,旨在找到合成产物结晶程度好、比表面积较大、结晶较为均一且方便操作的适宜制备条件及方法.结果表明,在实验室,采用迅速混合矿化剂,碱性条件下70℃老化48 h以上,可制得结晶程度好,粒度分布均匀,较为均一的雪花状针铁矿.采用逐滴滴加矿化剂,上述条件下可制得结晶程度好,较均匀分布的条柱状针铁矿.     

铁路车务系统安全保障体系研究

以分析铁路车务系统安全管理现状为出发点,提出了"红线"管理理论,运用系统安全理论,构建了铁路车务系统安全保障体系框架,具体包括安全预防体系和应急响应体系两部分,并且分别从理论、技术和"红线"管理理论三方面进行了分析。     

上海市氮氧化物污染与气象条件关系特征分析

根据上海市1998-2000年NOx浓度监测数据,对其月变化、城乡差异进行分析.将NOx浓度最低、最高月份值与气象条件进行了对比.结果表明,NOx浓度年内月变化呈"U"型,在冬季出现最高值,夏、秋季较低.其原因主要是冬季稳定型气象条件出现频率高,不利于污染物扩散;夏、秋季则相反.应用SPSS统计分析软件,对NOx浓度与各气象要素进行相关分析.结果表明,NOx浓度与风速有很强的负相关性,与气温、气压、太阳辐射等要素也有明显的相关性.在此基础上,提出了NOx浓度的气象学预报模式.NOx浓度城乡差异明显,城区高于郊区.因为NOx的主要来源为机动车排放,集中于城区;另外郊区建筑物不像城区那么密集,扩散条件比较好.     

海南岛北部地区酸雨的天气影响因素及污染源分析

根据2005年7月—2006年12月海口市发生的19个酸雨个例,对海南岛北部地区酸雨发生的天气背景、致酸物的源地及输送方式进行了天气学分析. 结果表明:海南岛北部地区酸雨的发生无明显季节性;影响海南岛北部地区酸雨形成的天气系统主要有6种,其中冷空气偏东型及热带气旋型2类天气系统产生的酸雨次数最多;致酸物多属远距离输送所致,主要来源于华南地区,部分来源于越南,海南岛本地污染物导致酸雨的个例很少. 海南岛北部地区酸雨的形成不仅与气象条件有关,而且与海南岛的地形地貌有关.      

Inherently safer sustained casing pressure testing for well integrity evaluation

This paper presents the use of a model to predict sustained casing pressure (SCP), from early pressure buildup data, as a basis for inherently safer well integrity testing. Inherently safer principles aim to eliminate or reduce the hazards by design rather than by using protective features. SCP, a well integrity issue exhibited in many wells, is any measurable pressure that rebuilds after being bled down and attributable to causes other than artificially applied pressure or temperature fluctuations in the well. Intrusion of gas, resulting in SCP, can occur because of poor cement bond in the casing or cement deterioration. Gas entering the annulus migrates to the wellhead and represents a hazard due to increased wellhead pressure and the gas inventory. Compromised well integrity can have catastrophic consequences on both environmental and safety aspects.Most regulations require the monitoring, testing and, eventually, the elimination of SCP. However, test data analysis is predominantly qualitative and limited to arbitrary criteria. Due to the high percentage of wells that present SCP, accurate, safe and preferably fast testing methods are needed. This paper implements an analytical model, rooted in the transport processes and thermodynamics of the system, to predict pressure profiles and gas accumulation during SCP testing from early-time pressure buildup data. The amount of gas accumulated during different testing criteria, being 1) current practices and 2) early diagnostic by the analytical model, is calculated and compared. Results show that using the analytical model as a predictive tool, testing time is reduced significantly, thereby limiting the amount of gas accumulated and reducing the risk. This makes the testing procedure inherently safer as well as less time consuming.