北京城区不同下垫面降雨径流产污特征分析

通过对北京城区3类不同下垫面的降雨径流水质进行监测以及对实验数据进行皮尔森(Pearson)统计分析,探讨了沥青路面、硬质屋顶及草地屋顶的雨水径流污染物历时变化规律,计算了各场次降雨径流污染物的事件平均浓度(EMCs),分析了径流水质的主要影响因素.结果表明,相对于沥青路面与硬质屋顶,草地屋顶对除磷外的其他径流污染物浓度有明显削减作用;初期降雨径流中CODcr、NH3-N、NO3-N、TP、Pb、Cu、Zn的EMC值大多超出V类国家地表水标准,3类重金属污染物监测结果也表明城区暴雨径流污染明显;统计分析结果表明污染物质与前期晴天数、降雨历时呈现正相关关系,与降雨量、降雨强度呈现负相关关系,通过控制初期径流污染、加强清扫及屋顶绿化可以从源头减少城市降雨径流污染.     

南京地区近地面臭氧浓度与气象条件关系研究

通过分析2013—2015年南京地区相关气象要素对近地面臭氧浓度的影响,建立了用于不同季节高浓度臭氧污染事件的预报预警模型,并归纳总结了南京地区高浓度臭氧出现的天气形势.结果表明,近地面臭氧浓度的变化与气象要素密切相关,气温、能见度、日照小时、总(净)辐射辐照度等要素与O_3浓度呈显著正相关,与相对湿度、总(低)云量呈负相关.高浓度臭氧污染是多因子综合作用的结果,典型气象条件表现为:太阳辐射强,低云量少,相对湿度适宜,地面小风速及特定的风向.通过定义高浓度臭氧潜势指数HOPI和风向指数WDI,并综合考虑14:00地面气温、相对湿度及8:00各标准层的相关气象要素,建立了逐季节多指标叠套的高浓度臭氧预报方程.采用2016年资料对其进行检验,发现预报值与观测值的相关系数分别达0.72(冬季)、0.76(春季)和0.73(夏季),说明方程具有较好的拟合效果和可预报性.通过普查历史天气图,归纳了伴随南京地区高浓度臭氧事件出现的8种主要天气形势,即高压类(高压中心G0、高压后部G1)、低压类(低压底部D0、低压前部D1、低压倒槽D2)、均压类(高压相关的均压JG、低压相关的均压JD、其它均压J).其中,以高压后部地面形势出现概率最大,低压前部均压场出现时对应臭氧平均浓度最高.     

环境条件变化对太湖沉积物磷释放的影响

本文系统研究了环境条件变化对太湖沉积物磷释放的影响，结果表明：温度、ＰＨ、氧化还原条件对沉积物磷释放有很大影响，获得了在不同环境条件下磷释放的方程，结果还表明，厌氧下（ＤＯ〈１．０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１）沉积物磷的最大释放量明显高于好氧条件（ＤＯ〉８．０ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１），其释放速率分别为３．１４μｇ．ｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１和２．７５μｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１，相应的动力学方程可表示为ＣＰ＝Ａｅ＾ｂ／ｔ，观察到藻与沉     

基于随机森林算法的长江三角洲地区PM2.5浓度模拟研究

PM_(2.5)影响人们的生活,危害城市居民的健康,因而在大范围、连续空间上精准预测PM_(2.5)的浓度对于降低居民暴露在大气污染环境中的风险意义重大。基于空气中PM_(2.5)浓度对气象因子、社会经济因子和下垫面条件因子的响应关系,利用皮尔逊相关分析、PCA分析和随机森林模型RF构建了长江三角洲地区浓度的预测模型。研究发现:(1)PM_(2.5)浓度大小分布与夜间灯光指数NLI、国内生产总值GDP、降雨量PRE、温度TEP、相对湿度RH、植被指数EVI以及土地利用覆被LUCC呈显著相关(P0.05),其中NLI和GDP与PM_(2.5)浓度呈正相关,PRE、TEP、RH与PM_(2.5)浓度呈负相关。(2)主成分数量为4时,方差累积贡献率达到86.7%,PRE、RH、GDP、NLI和EVI是影响长三角地区PM_(2.5)浓度空间变化的最重要的5个因子。(3)PCA-RF模型对于PM_(2.5)浓度的预测具有较好的表现且在长三角中西部的城市预测效果好于东南部沿海城市。相对于逐步回归SR模型,PCA-RF模型验证数据集上的均方根误差RMSE降低12.7%,决定系数R2提高12.1%,平均绝对误差MAE降低8.3%。     

冷空气南下对江苏省重污染天气过程的影响

根据2013—2015年江苏省重污染(重度污染和严重污染)个例,分析冷空气南下对重污染天气过程的影响机制和特征。将冷空气南下过程按路径分为东路、中路和西路,分别统计了不同路径冷空气影响江苏的特征,以及冷空气背景下重污染发生时的气象条件,总结了不同路径冷空气对污染物浓度日增幅的影响,探讨了冷空气对江苏省大气污染的影响机制。研究表明,江苏省的重污染天气主要发生在中路冷空气影响时,东路冷空气影响概率相对较小;中路、西路易出现区域性、连续性重污染;东路多单站点污染,连续污染概率较小。重污染日的高空冷空气主体偏北,中低层为槽后脊前西北气流或有弱切变,地面处于冷高压前部;中路、西路冷空气对污染的输送贡献大于东路,对上游污染呈负输送,如有强逆温、小风速的"静稳"天气,重污染仍可能加剧;重污染天气的发生,是本地污染、外源输送和局地不利污染扩散的气象条件共同作用造成的。     

Reductive Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethylene by Soil Sulfate-Reducing Microbes under Various Electron Donor Conditions

Biotransformation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) by soil sulfate-reducing bacteria was investigated using acetate, lactate and methanol as electron donors. Results show that the effectiveness of biotransformation of PCE by soil sulfate-reducing bacterial is dependent upon the type of electron donor used.     

Physiological and perceptual strain of firefighters during graded exercise to exhaustion at 40 and 10 °C

Purpose. To study whether perceptual identification should be included as a measure to evaluate physiological stress. Methods. Physiological variables oxygen uptake (V_O2), ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rectal temperature (T_rec) and mean skin temperature, and perceptual variables rate of perceived exertion, thermal sensation and time to exhaustion, were measured at submaximal and maximal intensities during graded exercise on a treadmill to exhaustion in 12 firefighters wearing protective clothing and extra mass at 40 and 10 °C. Physiological strain index (PhSI) and perceptual strain index (PeSI) were calculated. Results. Apart from T_rec, all physiological and perceptual variables were higher at submaximal intensities of 40 °C. Time to exhaustion was 16% shorter and the corresponding V_O2 was reduced by 7% in the heat. A high correlation (r?=?89) between PhSI and PeSI was found at both temperatures. PeSI scores were equal to PhSI at both ambient temperatures, except at the two highest intensities in the heat, where PeSI was higher. Conclusions. These findings support use of perceptual identification to evaluate physiological stress. However, at very high intensities under hot conditions the perceptual strain was estimated higher than the physiological strain. More precise indexes are needed to include perceptual measures in safety standard.     

Ensuring Cleanliness in Operating Theatres

High cleanliness of a hospital environment is necessary to ensure safe working conditions for the medical staff, a correct process of hospitalization and to protect hospital visitors, an aspect rarely mentioned. A supply of air cleaned in highly-effective air filters to hospital wards with air conditioning systems and exhaust of infected air will help in maintaining the required standards of cleanliness. This article presents information on recommended classes of air and surface cleanliness, with special focus on operating theatres and suites.     

高活性高耐受甲醛降解菌株的分离鉴定及降解条件研究

以甲醛为唯一碳源,从土壤中分离得到1株甲醛降解菌,经形态学观察、生理生化特性研究和16SrDNA鉴定,该菌株属于恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida).通过单因素试验和正交试验考察培养基及培养条件对菌株降解甲醛的影响,得出该菌株降解甲醛的最适条件为:蛋白胨1.2g/L,KH2PO4 4g/L,K2HPO4 3g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2g/L,微量元素母液0.1mL/L,温度30℃,pH值8.在最适降解条件下,分别对不同初始浓度甲醛进行降解试验,结果表明该菌株对甲醛的耐受浓度可达6g/L,54h可将其降解86%,46h可将5g/L甲醛全部降解,35h可全部降解4g/L甲醛.     

Work conditions in agriculture as risk factors of spinal pain in postmenopausal women

The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk factors for spinal pain in Polish postmenopausal women working in agriculture. The study included 1751 randomly selected postmenopausal women aged 45–65?years. The women were exposed to hazardous work conditions, in particular the use of force and heavy lifting, often more than 10?kg and with frequency of at least once a day. Two-thirds of them suffered from spinal pain, mostly in the lumbar spine and less frequently in the cervical and thoracic spine. The prevalence of spinal pain depended on exposure to health risks associated with overwork, early onset of menopause and increasing age. The prevalence of pain in the lumbar spine correlated positively with higher frequency of heavy lifting and using excessive force during agricultural work. The severity of spinal pain correlates positively with the age of pain onset and negatively with level of education.