Dissipation of oxytetracycline in soils under different redox conditions

This study investigated the dissipation kinetics of oxytetracycline in soils under aerobic and anoxic conditions. Laboratory experiments showed that the dissipation of oxytetracycline in soil followed first-order reaction kinetics and its dissipation rates decreased with increasing concentration. Oxytetracycline dissipated faster in soil under aerobic conditions than under anoxic conditions. The half-lives for oxytetracycline in soil under aerobic conditions ranged between 29 and 56 days for non-sterile treatments and 99-120 days for sterile treatments, while under anoxic conditions the half-lives of oxytetracycline ranged between 43 and 62 days in the non-sterile soil and between 69 and 104 days in the sterile soil. This suggests microbes can degrade oxytetracycline in agricultural soil. Abiotic factors such as strong sorption onto soil components also played a role in the dissipation of oxytetracycline in soil.     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及其培养条件优化的研究

采用常规的细菌分离纯化方法从土壤中分离出絮凝剂产生菌菌株,经过驯化培养后,以发酵液对高岭土混悬液的絮凝效果为指标,筛选出2株高效絮凝剂产生菌.采用单因素试验方法和正交试验设计方法,分析了影响絮凝效果的主要因素,对2个菌株的最佳培养条件进行了优化研究.结果表明:菌株S3产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件是碳源为葡萄糖(20g/L),氮源为酵母膏(2.5 g/L),培养温度为28℃,初始pH值为8,通气量为50 r/min;菌株S21产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件是乙醇(15 g/L),氮源为复合氮源(酵母膏 脲 硫酸铵)(1.6 g/L),培养温度为28℃,初始pH值为9,通气量为200r/min.     

微气泡曝气中氧传质特性研究

气泡曝气过程中氧传质对于好氧生物处理过程具有重要意义。采用水力旋转剪切微气泡发生装置,考察了运行条件和水质特性对微气泡曝气中氧传质特性的影响。结果表明,微气泡曝气可获得较高的气含率和气泡停留时间;表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)可以提高微气泡曝气的气含率和气泡停留时间。微气泡曝气中氧的总体积传质系数明显高于传统气泡曝气。总体积传质系数随着空气流量的增加而增加;氧传质效率随着空气流量的增加而减小,且对空气流量的变化更为敏感。在温度15~35℃范围内,微气泡曝气中氧的总体积传质系数随着温度的增加而增加,变化关系与传统气泡曝气基本相同,但对温度的变化更为敏感。微气泡曝气中,表面活性剂SDS会使氧的总体积传质系数略有降低,其不利影响明显小于传统气泡曝气;氧的总体积传质系数随盐度(NaC l浓度)增加而逐渐增加,并在NaC l浓度5 000 mg/L后趋于稳定。     

产糖脂类生物表面活性剂菌株鉴定及发酵条件优化

从胜利油田污水中筛选出的产生物表面活性剂菌株Bbai-1,经过生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA系统发育学分析确定其属于类短短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus parabrevis),由建立的该菌株的系统发育树可知菌株Bbai-1与其他类短短芽孢杆菌类同源性较低,是一个新的种.薄层色谱和红外光谱分析结果表明此菌株所产的生物表面活性剂为一种新型的糖脂类生物表面活性剂.通过产量和表面张力双重指标对菌株Bbai-1产生物表面活性剂的条件进行优化,确定了其最佳发酵温度为25℃、盐度为8 g/L、pH为7.5.在最佳发酵条件下,生物表面活性剂的产量可达0.9764 g/L.此糖脂类生物表面活性剂具有较高的降低表面张力能力,在浓度为其临界胶束浓度(120 mg/L)时,可将水溶液的表面张力从66.15 mN/m降低至27.62 mN/m.     

直接接触式膜蒸馏工艺处理高浓度氨氮模拟废水中操作条件的影响

采用直接接触式膜蒸馏处理高浓度氨氮模拟废水。实验对初始pH值、原料液流量和渗透液流量等3项操作条件进行了比较研究。结果表明,提高原料液的初始pH值可以大幅度地提高氨氮的去除效率、传质系数和分离效率,当初始pH达到12时,30 min内氨氮去除率可达到98%以上;提高料液流量可以得到同样的规律,当初始pH值为11,料液流量由400 L/h提高至800 L/h时,氨氮去除率由79.8%提高至88%;但渗透液流量的提高对处理效果的影响并不明显。     

环境管理强化后南京市2013 — 2016年大气污染物的时空特征和气象影响

城市空气污染具有显著的时空分布特征,并受污染来源、气象条件和地理等因素影响。近年来我国已实施一系列环境污染管控,根据南京市2013?—?2016年国控点的大气环境监测数据和同期气象资料,利用多元统计分析探讨了南京市大气污染物的时空变化特征及其与气象要素的关系。结果表明：近3年南京市的污染物以臭氧（O₃）和颗粒物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀）为主,大气污染物时空分布特征明显。时间上主要表现为季节变化,多数污染物浓度冬高夏低,但臭氧相反;空间上主要为城市功能区差异,工业交通区浓度高于生态公园区和郊区。除了污染源因素,空气污染程度也受气象要素的制约,风速、降水和温度是影响污染物在城市大气中稀释、扩散和转移的重要因子。     

Characteristics of anoxic phosphors removal in sequence batch reactor

The characteristics of anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake were investigated in sequencing batch reactors using denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria （DPB） sludge. The lab-scale experiments were accomplished under conditions of various nitrite concentrations （5.5, 9.5, and 15 mg/L） and mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） （1844, 3231, and 6730 mg/L）. The results obtained confirmed that nitrite, MLSS, and pH were key factors, which had a significant impact on anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake in the biological phosphorous removal process. The nitrites were able to successfully act as electron acceptors for phosphorous uptake at a limited concentration between 5.5 and 9.5 mg/L. The denitrification and dephosphorous were inhibited when the nitrite concentration reached 15 mg/L. This observation indicated that the nitrite would not inhibit phosphorus uptake before it exceeded a threshold concentration. It was assumed that an increase of MLSS concentration from 1844 mg/L to 6730 mg/L led to the increase of denitrification and anoxic P-uptake rate. On the contrary, the average P-uptake/N denitrifying reduced from 2.10 to 1.57 mg PO4^3--P/mg NO3^--N. Therefore, it could be concluded that increasing MLSS of the DEPHANOX system might shorten the reaction time of phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake. However, excessive MLSS might reduce the specific denitrifying rate. Meanwhile, a rapid pH increase occurred at the beginning of the anoxic conditions as a result of denitrification and anoxic phosphate uptake. Anaerobic P release rate increased with an increase in pH. Moreover, when pH exceeded a relatively high value of 8.0, the dissolved P concentration decreased in the liquid phase, because of chemical precipitation. This observation suggested that pH should be strictly controlled below 8.0 to avoid chemical precipitation if the biological denitrifying phosphorus removal capability is to be studied accurately.     

曝气策略调控CANON工艺降温降基质稳定运行

通过调整曝气策略,研究了降温降基质（氨氮）运行过程中实现全程自养脱氮（CANON）序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）稳定运行的可行性.结果表明,在中温（35℃）高基质[（446.47±43.77）mg NH₄⁺-N/L]曝气/停曝=60min/60min条件下,反应器稳定运行223d,总氮去除负荷（TNRR）和总氮去除率（TNRE）分别为（0.49±0.07）kg N/（m³·d）和（84.3±4.6）%.温度降至20~23℃,根据一个运行周期内NO₂^--N积累速率和去除速率之比调整曝气工况为曝气/停曝=40min/80min,运行69d后TNRR和TNRE分别降至（0.43±0.04）kg N/（m³·d）和（69.5±5.7）%.而后逐步梯度降低基质至（105.6±16.1）mg NH₄⁺-N/L,采用相同策略分别调整曝气/停曝时间为40min/80min、30min/90min和8min/32min,运行93d后TNRR降至（0.16±0.02）kg N/（m³·d）,TNRE升至（71.5±7.5）%.高通量测序结果从群落组成角度证实了降温和降基质过程中实施的曝气调控策略维持了CANON系统脱氮功能菌的主导地位,亚硝酸盐氧化菌NOB相对丰度一直被控制在0.1%以下.     

浙江沿海某石油化工类企业地下水污染特征

以浙江沿海面积约36 km2的某石化场地为研究区域,开展了地下水污染调查、评价和综合研究,结果表明,该石化场地地下水(0 m～5 m)存在重金属、硫化物、石油类等污染,污染范围主要在老厂区和滩涂堆填区,其分布特征受到上层填土和工业企业活动等人类活动的影响,也与区域环境水文地质条件密切相关。     

2016年12月江苏省两次连续污染过程气象条件对比分析

利用地面常规气象观测资料、NCEP（National Centers for Environmental Prediction）再分析资料、AQI（空气质量指数）、ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）等大气环境监测数据,对2016年12月江苏省连续出现的两次大范围大气污染过程进行了对比分析.结果表明:这两次连续污染天气过程可分为颗粒物积聚-清除-再积聚-彻底清除4个阶段,相应地,地面形势表现为均压场-低压倒槽-西路冷空气-东路冷空气.第1次污染天气形成和维持主要是长时间受均压场控制、近地层逆温和高相对湿度有利于颗粒物积聚;第2次污染天气形成和维持主要是因西路冷空气南下、上游重污染地区颗粒物随冷空气向江苏省输送.持续降水和持续2.0 m/s以上偏东风对大气中颗粒物有较明显的清除作用.淮北西部垂直、水平扩散条件差、降水清除时间短,导致该地区在全省污染等级最严重、持续时间最长.西路冷空气影响期间,各站颗粒物质量浓度转为快速上升,东部地区在偏西风持续49~58 h后空气质量改善为良,中西部地区无法得到有效改善;东路冷空气影响7~22 h后,中西部地区空气质量转为良,高压底部持续偏东风使全省颗粒物得到彻底清除,连续污染天气结束.研究显示,西路弱冷空气的输送会加剧江苏省的污染程度,持续较长时间的东路冷空气则可以改善江苏省的空气质量.