用铝灰生产聚合氯化铝的工艺研究

以铝灰、废盐酸为原料,用酸溶法(一步法)生产液体聚合氯化铝,对投料比、反应温度、反应时间、搅拌速度、熟化温度、熟化时间等参数对产品性能的影响进行了试验,得到了最佳生产工艺条件,并对产品的净水效果进行了模拟试验,净水效果明显。     

秦皇岛市泥石流发育特征及防治措施

近年来,随着社会经济的发展,人类工程活动频繁,泥石流地质灾害在我市每年新增灾害中占有相当大的比重,严重威胁着人民的生命财产安全。秦皇岛市泥石流主要发育在北部低山丘陵区,规模小,危害大。通过对泥石流发育特征的研究,阐明其形成条件与地形、地质环境、植被和降雨等因素的关系,并据此提出了群测群防,加强采矿活动正确管理、工程治理等防治措施。     

城市污水处理厂反硝化聚磷菌的聚磷持久性

以桂林市第四污水处理厂氧化沟活性污泥为对象,研究在具有厌氧-缺氧-好氧环境的污水处理构筑物中富集存在的反硝化聚磷菌聚磷能力的持久性问题。结果表明,在此环境中富集的反硝化聚磷菌在经过3个周期的厌氧-缺氧条件下运行,最大释磷率由0.90 mg P/（g VSS.h）下降为0.07 mg P/（g VSS.h）,反硝化聚磷率由0.17 mg P/（g VSS.h）下降为0.04 mg P/（g VSS.h）。比较而言,在厌氧-缺氧-好氧环境下最大释磷率及聚磷率降幅较小,释磷率由0.59 mg P/（gVSS.h）下降为0.37 mg P/（g VSS.h）,反硝化聚磷率由0.17 mg P/（g VSS.h）下降为0.10 mg P/（g VSS.h）,厌氧-缺氧-好氧运行条件比单纯的厌氧-缺氧运行条件更有利于维持反硝化聚磷菌的聚磷性能。     

纳米SiO2改性聚偏氟乙烯离子交换膜对单组分电解质溶液的脱盐性能研究

对纳米SiO2改性聚偏氟乙烯(SiO2/PVDF)离子交换膜电渗析处理单组分电解质溶液进行了试验研究。结果表明,在不同操作条件下,SiO2/PVDF离子交换膜的极限电流密度和脱盐率均大于未改性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)离子交换膜。SiO2/PVDF离子交换膜的极限电流密度随着淡水流量和电解质浓度的增加而增加;随着电流强度的增加,SiO2/PVDF离子交换膜的脱盐率也相应增加;随着淡水流量增加,脱盐率会逐渐降低。为使SiO2/PVDF离子交换膜用于电渗析过程获得良好的脱盐效果和节约能量,NaCl质量浓度为500mg/L时电流密度应控制在1.17mA/cm2。     

Tree-ring stable isotopes and historical perspectives on pollution - An overview

Hydrogen (δ²H), carbon (δ¹³C), oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopes of tree rings growing in field conditions can be indicative of past pollution effects. The characteristic δ¹³C trend is a positive shift generally explained by invoking closure of stomata, but experimental studies suggest that increased rates of carboxylation could also generate such trends. In many cases the δ¹⁸O and δ²H values decrease in trees exposed to pollution and exhibit inverse coinciding long-term trends with δ¹³C values. However, some trees exposed to diffuse pollution and experimental conditions can show an increase or no δ¹⁸O change even if δ¹³C values increase. These diverse responses depend on how stress conditions modify physiological functions such as stomatal conductance, carboxylation, respiration, and perhaps water assimilation by the root system. Recent studies suggest that δ¹⁵N changes in trees can be caused by soil acidification and accumulation of anthropogenic emissions with isotopic signals deviating from natural N.     

Phospholipid fatty acid patterns of microbial communities in paddy soil under different fertilizer treatments

The microbial communities under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilizer treatments, including control （CK）, PK, NK, NP, NPK fertilization, were investigated using phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile method. The results of this study revealed that the fertilizer practice had an impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups. The principal components analysis （PCA） showed that proportion of the actinomycete PLFAs （10Me 18：0 and 10Me 16：0） were the lowest in the PK treatment and the highest in the NPK treatment, which means that soil nitrogen status affected the diversity of actinomycetes, whereas nitrogen cycling was related to the actinomycets. Under CK treatment, the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria was lower compared with that in fertilizer addition treatments, indicating that fertilizer application stimulated Gram-positive bacterial population in paddy soil. The fatty acid 18：2to6,9, which is considered to be predominantly of fungal origin, was at low level in all the treatments. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 to7, which has been proposed as an indicator of stress conditions, decreased in PK treatment. Changes of soil microbial community under different fertilizer treatments of paddy soil were detected in this study; however, the causes that lead to changes in the microbial community still needs further study.     

Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in step feeding biological nitrogen removal process

The simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in step-feeding biological nitrogen removal process were investigated under different influent substrate concentrations and aeration flow rates.Biological occunenee of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification was verified in the aspect of nitrogen mass balance and alkalinity.The experimental results also showed that there was a distinct linear relationship between simultaneous nitrification and denitrification and DO concentration under the conditions of low and high aeration flow rate.In each experimental run the floc sizes of activated sludge were also measured and the results showed that simultaneous nitrification and denitriflcation could occur with very small size of floc.     

Sediment-based investigation of naturally or historically eutrophic lakes -- implications for lake management

Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive will call for new lake monitoring and management strategies. Therefore, different methods need to be tested in order to achieve reliable assessment of lake background conditions and water quality. Sediment-based techniques provide one such tool for lake management. In this work, 10 lakes, presumed to be naturally eutrophic, were investigated with a paleolimnological short core study. The aim of the study was to examine the composition of the diatom assemblages in their natural state, estimate their change over time and assess the background nutrient levels. One sediment profile from each lake was divided into six sub-samples that were analyzed for diatoms (60 samples). Diatom-based inference models were applied to reconstruct the past total phosphorus concentration and assess the eutrophication. The results indicated that all the lakes studied had already been nutrient-rich before the impact of modern agriculture. However, diatom assemblages have changed remarkably over time and total phosphorus concentrations have generally increased, so at present only two of the study lakes are close to their natural status. This suggests that naturally eutrophic lakes will probably require management actions to fulfill the new directive requirements in the future.     

原子吸收光谱法测定污水中铅的最佳操作条件研究

主要研究了测定波长、工作电流、燃烧器高度、光谱通带、燃气与助燃气流量等操作条件对测定工业污水中铅含量的影响 ,确定了最佳的测试条件。